Ionic Equation Definition and Examples

Similar to a molecular equation, which expresses compounds as molecules, an ionic equation is a chemical equation where the electrolytes in aqueous solution are expressed as dissociated ions. Usually, this is a salt dissolved in water, where the ionic species are followed by (aq) in the equation to indicate they are in aqueous solution. The ions in aqueous solution are stabilized by ion-dipole interactions with water molecules. However, an ionic equation may be written for any electrolyte that dissociates and reacts in a polar solvent. In a balanced ionic equation, the number and type of atoms are the same on both sides of the reaction arrow. Additionally, the net charge is the same on both sides of the equation. Strong acids, strong bases, and soluble ionic compounds (usually salts) exist as dissociated ions in aqueous solution, so they are written as ions in the ionic equation. Weak acids and bases and insoluble salts are usually written using their molecular formulas because only a small amount of them dissociates into ions. There are exceptions, especially with acid-base reactions. Examples of Ionic Equations Ag(aq) NO3-(aq) Na(aq) Cl-(aq) → AgCl(s) Na(aq) NO3-(aq) is an ionic equation of the chemical reaction: AgNO3(aq) NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s) NaNO3(aq) Complete Versus Net Ionic Equation The two most common forms of ionic equations are complete ionic equations and net ionic equations. The complete ionic equation indicates all of the dissociated ions in a chemical reaction. The net ionic equation cancels out ions that appear on both sides of the reaction arrow because they essentially dont participate in the reaction of interest. The ions that are canceled out are called spectator ions. For example, in the reaction between silver nitrate (AgNO3) and sodium chloride (NaCl) in water, the complete ionic equation is: Ag(aq) NO3-(aq) Na(aq) Cl-(aq) → AgCl(s) Na(aq) NO3-(aq) Notice the sodium cation Na and nitrate anion NO3- appear on both the reactants and products side of the arrow. If they are canceled out, the net ionic equation may be written as: Ag(aq) Cl-(aq) → AgCl(s) In this example, the coefficient for each species was 1 (which is not written). If every species had started with a 2, for example, each coefficient would be divided by a common divisor to write the net ionic equation using the smallest integer values. Both the complete ionic equation and the net ionic equation should be written as balanced equations. Source Brady, James E. Chemistry: Matter and its Changes. John Wiley Sons. Frederick A. Senese, 5th Edition, Wiley, December 2007.

Kohlberg s Theory Of Moral Development - 1450 Words

â€Å"Kohlberg developed six stage theory of moral development, and then he group them six into three. Which are higher-order levels of development: Level 1- Pre- Conventional morality which have two stageies 1- obedience and punishment, 2- Individual interest: behavior driven by self-interest and rewards. Level 2- Conventional morality two stageies are 1- interpersonal: behavior driven by social approval, 2- Authority: behavior driven by obeying authority: behavior driven by obeying authority and conforming to social order. Level 3- Post Conventional morality last two stageies is 1- Social Contract: behavior driven by balance of social order and individual rights, 2-universal ethics: behavior driven by internal moral principles (†¦show more content†¦If they morally do wrong and disobey the orders and rules I have set before them. Level 2- Conventional, as law enforcement officers they are to continue to accept the rules of their authority figures. Plus have positive relat ionships with there colleagues and societal order to avoid disapproval. Level 3- Post Conventional, as officers they must uphold there principles and valves. Live by their own ethical principles-- principles that typically include basic human rights as life, liberty, and justice – and view rules as useful but changeable mechanisms, rather than absolute dictates that must be obeyed without question. All three levels reliant on the concept of justice as it enables the concerned authorities to reach their mandate without the abuse of the system or other people within your department. Three types of criminals who are at different stages of moral development? â€Å" Juvenile delinquencies are teenagers whose moral development has been impaired at the third stage. This stage consists of interpersonal and accord conformity as well as authority and social order maintaining law. Juvenile delinquents are unable to recognize the authority of the legally appointed leaders as well their parents ( Woolfolk, 2012 ). They are also unable to respect social norms and the laws that have been instituted by the authorities. Individuals that have not properly developed at stage two, which is driven by self- interest, include insuranceShow MoreRelatedKohlberg s Theory Of Moral Development1981 Words   |  8 PagesMoral development is defined as the aspect of a person’s overall development that will occur over the course of the person’s lifetime. There have been a number of theories that describe how and when moral development occurs in individuals; however, a theory that has become well known and widely accepted in schools, colleges and as well as psychology would have to be Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development. Kohlberg’s model, a stage theory, explains the various stages people encounter in aRead MoreKohlberg s Theory Of Moral Development1684 Words   |  7 Pagesis impacted by education is their morality. This paper will explore Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, which addresses the idea of a person s progression of morality. It will first examine the concept of the theory and its founder. It will then follow with examples from classrooms today, and from my own personal experience as a K-12 student. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the implications of this theory for educational psychology, and encourage an implementation of it that will benefitRead MoreKohlberg s Theory Of Moral Development Essay1053 Words   |  5 PagesKohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development The theory of moral development was founded by the psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg. He argued that starting from infancy extending throughout adulthood, we develop a moral compass that guides us through our life. Each moral judgment can be categorized into three levels, pre-conventional morality, conventional morality, and post-conventional morality, with each level encompassing two stages. As we grow older and gain new experiences, we begin to view the worldRead MoreKohlberg s Moral Development Theory776 Words   |  4 Pagesplay compute games for 15 minutes. She is happily doing that to earn the rewards. Ashley’s point of view that, she looks for her benefit or reward put her in Stage 2 of level 1(Pre-conventional) base on Kohlberg’s Theory which is a Moral development theory. Kohlberg’s Moral Development is based on the reasoning. Pre-conventional level is based on the physical consequences of an act. Reasoning and actions in pre-conventional governed by the standards of others like punishment for stage 1 or rewardRead MoreKohlberg s Theory Of Moral Development1785 Words   |  8 PagesLawrence Kohlberg is the author of a three-level theory that is based on moral development; it includes two stages per level that are very specific to that individual level. Kohlberg s theory blossomed from the theory of Jean piaget s, in which he continued his work. The three levels of Kohlberg’s Theory are the preconventional level, conventional level, and post conventional level. The three levels are put in this order based on the ages that are expected to be in each level. Although it is believedRead MoreKohlberg s Theory Of Moral Development2125 Words   |  9 PagesA human’s moral growth is important because it shows what kind of person they are in our society. Lawrence Kohlberg-- a psychologist-- was quite intrigued with how a human, the same as everyone else, can act differently than others. He found some theories that explain what humans would do in certain situations and why; He solved a piece of the puzzle we call life . In â€Å" Kohlberg s Theory of Moral Development† there are three different levels of moral reasoning: Preconventional, Conventional, andRead MoreKohlberg s Theory Of Moral Development And Moral Maturity Essay1305 Words   |  6 PagesLawrence Kohlberg (1927–1987) is the pioneer of the theory of stages of moral development and participated actively in the development of the fields of moral psychology and moral education. Kohlberg was especially inspired by Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist who created the theory of cognitive development. Mark Baldwin, John Dewey, and George Herbert Mead also influenced his thinking (Barger, 2000; Encyclopedia of Education, 2002). In this paper, I will analyze in-depth Kohlberg’s theory and discussRead MoreKohlberg s Theory Of Moral Development1594 Words   |  7 PagesLawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987) further developed the works of Piaget (1896-1980) in regards to moral development. This essay will discuss the strengths and weaknesses of Kohlberg’s theory in a critical manner, looking at the positive aspects of his research and the disadvantages of the types of situations he gave in his experiments, the universal accuracy of his results and the controversial findings of sex differences in regards to morality. Kohlberg advanced Piaget’s theory of moral development andRead MoreKohlberg s Theory Of The Development Of Moral Judgement1693 Words   |  7 PagesKohlberg’s Theory of the Development of Moral Judgement† Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987) further developed the works of Piaget (1896-1980) on moral development. This essay will discuss the strengths and weaknesses of Kohlberg’s theory in a critical manner, looking at the positive aspects of his research and the disadvantages of the types of situations he gave in his experiments, the universal accuracy of his results and the controversial findings of sex differences in regards to morality. Kohlberg advancedRead MoreImplications Of Kohlberg s Theory Of Moral Development7968 Words   |  32 PagesImplications of Kohlberg on Learning Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine a teaching strategy based upon Lawrence Kohlberg’s social cognitive theory of moral development. Kohlberg’s theory is examined in articles written by Reimer, Turiel, Walsh, Baek, Grover, Kirman, Ellenwood, Sholl, and Hayes to gain varying perspectives and a comprehensive summary of Kohlberg’s theory. Overarching methods of the theory to implement in the classroom are considered including assessment of moral stages in

Computer Science in Culinary Arts Essay Example For Students

Computer Science in Culinary Arts Essay With computers we could create programs that restaurants may use to balance the meals, With the correct calories and nutrition facts. Restaurants could present their menus in digital form, at this manner, the consumer could whose the right menu, counting their calories and feel comfortable that make the right selection. The science computer could help doctors that prepare some specific diets for the particular needs of the patient. If allow the program that want to create. With this program, the doctors choose the right food and the program made different combinations with the calories necessaries and print the specific diet for the patient. This program was effective to create different diet for different health condition. It will be very useful in hospitals cuisine. In our house, we could use this program, At this manner we choose the right meals and rate a variety of menus, it help with all the persons that day by day, question, what do today for the breakfast, lunch or dinner. Many times my mom said that. Finally, am determinate to study computer science and culinary arts, I know that have the potential to do that, am working hard in learn so much about computers science, and refining my culinary skills. Soon began to work in the process of the creation of healthy menus to share with me family and friends, programming a good food chart selection. I know that computers science and culinary arts are the right selection to do my career.

Manufacturing gold jewellery Essay Example

Manufacturing gold jewellery Essay The states rich tradition of manufacturing gold jewellery dates back to several centuries. Some of the popular traditional Assamese jewellery include earrings with exquisite Lokaparo, Keru, Thuriya, Jangphai, Long Keru, Sona or Makori; an array of necklaces including Golpata, Satsori, Jon biri, Bena, Gejera, Dhol biri, Doog doogi, Biri Moni, Mukuta Moni, Poalmoni, Silikha Moni and Magardana, and diversified rings including Senpata, Horinsakua, Jethinejia, bakharpata and others. Some designs are exclusively found in this region only. The jewellery is typically hand-made, and the designs mostly depict floral and faunal treasures of the region. Traditional designs of Assamese jewelleries are simple but decorated with vibrant red gemstone, ruby or mina. Black, red and green colours on gold jewellries are most favourites among the buyers; these colours also dominate the traditional dresses of tribes and communities of the northeastern states. Some designs of traditional Assamese ornaments are directly derived from the elements of tribal culture. These designs and motifs sometimes have found space in these ornaments directly, and sometimes by blending. The Jangphai Keru and Gamkharu for example, were originally tribal ornaments. Lokaparo, which is an ornament with two sets of twin pigeons placed back to back in gold, mina or ruby was originally worn by high profile male dignitaries of the royal Ahom dynasty. We will write a custom essay sample on Manufacturing gold jewellery specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Manufacturing gold jewellery specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Manufacturing gold jewellery specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Gamkharu, a pair of gold bangle, originally used by male only, now has formed an essential ornament of the Bihu dance costume of girls. References to traditional Assamese ornaments date back to the time of Mahabharata at least. During the seventh century, Bhaskarvarma, the King of Barman dynasty of Kamrupa or ancient  assam, had sent a handsome quantity of Assamese ornaments along with other valuable gifts to king Harsavardhana, the great Indian emperor. Bhaskarvarma inherited some of these ornaments from his predecessor Bhagadatta, who fought on the plains at Kurukshetra. The manufacture of gold ornaments, as well as gold-washing flourished in medieval Assam during the reign of the Ahom dynasty. Gold dust was abundantly found in the sands of different rivers of the state, but mainly from the river Subansiri, one of the major tributaries of the Brahmaputra. During the rule of the Ahom Kings, gold-washing on the banks of the Subansiri (meaning: flow of gold) was a major profession of the Sonowal Kacharis. Jorhat and Sonari in Upper Assam, Nagaon in central Assam and Barpeta in lower Assam have been major hubs of manufacturing of Assamese jewelleries throughout the centuries. The jewellers are called sonari in Assamese language. Their technique of making jewellery bears resemblances to the traditions of South East Asia, much more than to other nearby parts of India itself. There are also similarities with the Kundan jewellery art of  rajasthan. During 1853, there were four gold-washing mahals in the state. Manufacturing gold jewellery Essay Example Manufacturing gold jewellery Essay The states rich tradition of manufacturing gold jewellery dates back to several centuries. Some of the popular traditional Assamese jewellery include earrings with exquisite Lokaparo, Keru, Thuriya, Jangphai, Long Keru, Sona or Makori; an array of necklaces including Golpata, Satsori, Jon biri, Bena, Gejera, Dhol biri, Doog doogi, Biri Moni, Mukuta Moni, Poalmoni, Silikha Moni and Magardana, and diversified rings including Senpata, Horinsakua, Jethinejia, bakharpata and others.Some designs are exclusively found in this region only. The jewellery is typically hand-made, and the designs mostly depict floral and faunal treasures of the region. Traditional designs of Assamese jewelleries are simple but decorated with vibrant red gemstone, ruby or mina. Black, red and green colours on gold jewellries are most favourites among the buyers; these colours also dominate the traditional dresses of tribes and communities of the northeastern states.Some designs of traditional Assamese ornaments are directly derived from the elements of tribal culture. These designs and motifs sometimes have found space in these ornaments directly, and sometimes by blending. The Jangphai Keru and Gamkharu for example, were originally tribal ornaments. Lokaparo, which is an ornament with two sets of twin pigeons placed back to back in gold, mina or ruby was originally worn by high profile male dignitaries of the royal Ahom dynasty.Gamkharu, a pair of gold bangle, originally used by male only, now has formed an essential ornament of the Bihu d ance costume of girls. References to traditional Assamese ornaments date back to the time of Mahabharata at least. During the seventh century, Bhaskarvarma, the King of Barman dynasty of Kamrupa or ancient assam, had sent a handsome quantity of Assamese ornaments along with other valuable gifts to king Harsavardhana, the great Indian emperor.Bhaskarvarma inherited some of these ornaments from his predecessor Bhagadatta, who fought on the plains at Kurukshetra. The manufacture of gold ornaments, as well as gold-washing flourished in medieval Assam during the reign of the Ahom dynasty. Gold dust was abundantly found in the sands of different rivers of the state, but mainly from the river Subansiri, one of the major tributaries of the Brahmaputra. During the rule of the Ahom Kings, gold-washing on the banks of the Subansiri (meaning: flow of gold) was a major profession of the Sonowal Kacharis.Jorhat and Sonari in Upper Assam, Nagaon in central Assam and Barpeta in lower Assam have bee n major hubs of manufacturing of Assamese jewelleries throughout the centuries. The jewellers are called sonari in Assamese language. Their technique of making jewellery bears resemblances to the traditions of South East Asia, much more than to other nearby parts of India itself. There are also similarities with the Kundan jewellery art of rajasthan. During 1853, there were four gold-washing mahals in the state. We will write a custom essay sample on Manufacturing gold jewellery specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Manufacturing gold jewellery specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Manufacturing gold jewellery specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Railroads Effect Chicago Essays - Chicago, William B. Ogden

Railroads Effect Chicago annon The nation network of railroads laid from 1848 through the Civil War, and the steam powered locomotives that traversed them, supplied Chicago with vast new markets, resources, and people who quickly transformed it from a quiet Frontier village into a highly populated industrial powerhouse. The Chicago of 1830 was hardly a city at all. Fort Dearborn located near the fork of what is now the Chicago River was bogged down with mud and tormented by disease and Indian wars. By the 1833 when the city was incorporated, a warehouse, dry good's store, and hotel had all been built. William B. Ogden, the first mayor of Chicago was also the first to attempt to give Chicago a railroad. He chartered the Galena and Chicago Railroad in 1836, but it collapsed with the economic disaster of 1837 (Berger 3). Ogden tried again in 1846, and on October 22, 1848 Chicago's first locomotive, Pioneer, was loaded onto the tracks (Casey, Douglas 59). In retrospect, Pioneer turned out to be a fitting name for the city's first train, because by 1866 there were more than forty railroads serving Chicago and the city's population had skyrocketed to just under 300,000. There were many problems that needed to be resolved starting in the 1830s, before a railroad could become a versatile enough to be a cost effective carrier of freight and people. The nation's original tracks had been built mainly of wood, although cheaper than iron, it was quickly decided that iron's durability was well worth the extra cost. Another development was the placement of ballas, or pebbles, that covered the bottom of the tracks and added weight and stability along with drainage to the tracks. Also, the trains were known to collide head on into grazing animals. The problem lay in how to keep the animal from being pulled under the train and causing it to derail. This answer came with the placement of a hood plate on the front of the locomotive so that whatever hit the train would be pushed harmlessly in front of it and could later be cleared without endangering the train. Other major safety issues found solutions with the utilization of lights and horns (Gordon 27-33). By 1848, when Chicago was ready to start building railroads, the technology had already been developed enough to conduct real business. Charters for railroads leading to Chicago soon began to pour in. After the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad was completed shortly after 1853, it merged with the Chicago and Northwestern Railway which began its long march to Greenbay WI. Soon came the Illinois Central, the Chicago Rock Island and Pacific, and the Chicago Burlington and Quincy. Many more came and connected Chicago to nearly every part of the US (Gordon 151). If one looked at a map of all the major trunk lines that stretched over the United States, he would see a wheel with Chicago as the hub (Berger 22). The busy development of all these new railroads furnished the developing Chicago with huge markets, to both the east and the west. Chicago's destiny as center of industry was set, but it would still take some time for Chicago to take advantage of its potential. The first of the markets was the ever-expanding frontier with its agricultural surplus that lay to the west and north of Chicago. In the frontier, a town's distance from a railroad determined what its cost for trade and travel would be. To minimize these costs, new cities and farms popped up very close to the railroads (Martin 81). Train loads of New Englanders came to these new villages in search of the free homesteads that they saw in newspaper advertisements and pamphlets back home. These men and women became the farmers who ended up producing surplus crops which they desired to sell (Gordon 35). According to Mayer, as they looked for their most profitable course of action, their goal was a destination with the most choices of routes, the highest competition, and therefore the lowest rates (Growth 122). With connections to many of the nation's railways, Chicago marked the spot to the farmers of the West. Chicago was the perfect outlet to sell their heavy and relatively inexpensive crops. The railroads in Chicago had laid the foundation for its success limited only to the ingenuity of the capitalistic market. To the east lay Chicago's second market, New England. By the 1850s, this region was industrialized and was producing vast quantities of manufactured goods. Facing much the same dilemma as the West, New England realized that Chicago was a perfect

New Year Greetings and Quotes

New Year Greetings and Quotes Do you want to send a special New Year greeting to your friends? Here is a great collection of New Year greetings. Some of the greetings convey worldly wisdom, while others present a diverse perspective about the New Year. Choose from this collection of New Year greetings to send good wishes to your near and dear ones. Thomas MannTime has no divisions to mark its passage; there is never a thunderstorm or blare of trumpets to announce the beginning of a new month or year. Even when a new century begins it is only we mortals who ring bells and fire off pistols.Hamilton Wright MabieNew Years Eve is like every other night; there is no pause in the march of the universe, no breathless moment of silence among created things that the passage of another twelve months may be noted; and yet no man has quite the same thoughts this evening that come with the coming of darkness on other nights.Charles LambNo one ever regarded the first of January with indifference. It is that from which all date their time, and count upon what is left. It is the nativity of our common Adam.Alfred Lord TennysonRing out the old, ring in the new,Ring, happy bells, across the snow:The year is going, let him go;Ring out the false, ring in the true.William Ellery ChanningI will seek elegance rather than luxury, refinement rather than fashion. I will seek to be worthy more than respectable, wealthy and not rich. I will study hard, think quietly, talk gently, and act frankly. I will listen to stars and birds, babes and sages, with an open heart. I will bear all things cheerfully, do all things bravely await occasions and hurry never. In a word, I will let the spiritual, unbidden and unconscious grow up through the common.Ann LandersLet this coming year be better than all the others. Vow to do some of the things youve always wanted to do but couldnt find the time. Call up a forgotten friend. Drop an old grudge, and replace it with some pleasant memories. Vow not to make a promise you dont think you can keep. Walk tall, and smile more. Youll look ten years younger. Dont be afraid to say, I love you. Say it again. They are the sweetest words in the world.Maria EdgeworthThere is no moment like the present. The man who will not execute his resolutions when they are fresh upon him can have no hope from them afterwards: they will be dissipated, lost, and perish in the hurry and scurry of the world, or sunk in the slough of indolence. P. J. ORourkeIt is better to spend money like theres no tomorrow than to spend tonight like theres no money.Ogden NashEvery New Year is the direct descendant, isnt it, of a long line of proven criminals?George William CurtisThe New Year begins in a snowstorm of white vows.Ellen GoodmanWe spend January 1 walking through our lives, room by room, drawing up a list of work to be done, cracks to be patched. Maybe this year, to balance the list, we ought to walk through the rooms of our lives, not looking for flaws, but for potential.Samuel JohnsonSurely, it is much easier to respect a man who has always had respect, than to respect a man who we know was last year no better than ourselves  and will be no better next year.Friedrich NietzscheNo, life has not disappointed me. On the contrary, I find it truer, more desirable and mysterious every year ever since the day when the great liberator came to me: the idea that life could be an experiment of the seeker for knowledge and not a duty, n ot a calamity, not trickery. Henry Wadsworth LongfellowLook not mournfully into the past. It comes not back again. Wisely improve the present. It is thine. Go forth to meet the shadowy future, without fear, and with a manly heart.Kersti BergrothIt is difficult not to believe that the next year will be better than the old one! And this illusion is not wrong. Future is always good, no matter what happens. It will always give us what we need and what we want in secret. It will always bless us with right gifts. Thus in a deeper sense, our belief in the New Year cannot deceive us.Albert EinsteinI feel that you are justified in looking into the future with true assurance  because you have a mode of living in which we find the joy of life and the joy of work harmoniously combined. Added to this is the spirit of ambition which pervades your very being, and seems to make the days work like a happy child at play.

The Future Gulf Currency Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Future Gulf Currency Union - Essay Example However, one has to be concerned about the factors that led to the success of monetary unions for the US and Euro-zone. The economy of the Gulf States is homogenous in nature, which relies heavily on oil. In contrast, the economy of the Euro-zone and US is heterogeneous with each state relying on diversified economic sectors. The economics of the currency unification are clearly spelt out by Mundell (1961) in his theory of optimum currency areas. According to Mundell R. A. (1961), for a successful currency union there should be factor mobility within the region of currency union, while there should be factor immobility between other regions in the world. So what are these factor mobility and factor immobility for the case of the Gulf States? These are factors of production within the region of currency union. The mobility of factors of production helps to compensate for asymmetrical economic shocks in the region of currency union. The asymmetrical economic shocks are normally adjusted for by the flexibility of the currency exchange rates. Without these adjustments or the mobility of the factors of production, unemployment and inflation would result. In line with the premise advocated by Mundell R. A., (1961), there should be little movement of factors of production outside the region of currency union. This paper will examine the case of the Gulf States in order to form an opinion on whether a monetary union is feasible based on the theory of optimum currency areas advocated by Mundell R. A. (1961). The situations leading to the formation of United States and Euro-zone currency union will be examined in order to determine how well they compare with the impending Gulf Monetary Union. The paper will further examine the economies of the six member countries, namely; Bahrain, Oman, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates (UAE), and see the impacts, which the use of a common currency can have on them. The factors that can