Men Are Better Leaders Essay

Women in high-level leadership positions, such as corporate CEOs, when studied, seem to exhibit the same sorts of leadership behaviors as their male counterparts. That is probably because the demands of the leadership role require certain actions and behaviors to succeed. In addition, because of the hurdles that women must leap to get to the top (leadership and gender expert, Alice Eagly, refers to this as the â€Å"labyrinth† that women, but not men, need to go through), it could be the case that only women who exhibit the same sorts of leadership styles and behaviors as male leaders make it through. So, studying leaders at the top, gives the impression that there are no big differences in how men and women lead. You get a somewhat different picture if you ask followers and leaders about male and female leaders. They notice differences that are in line with stereotypes about men and women, reporting that female leaders are more nurturing, empathic, and responsive than male leaders, but they will also report the negative side (e. g. , moody). Male leaders, on the other hand, are perceived to be more action-oriented and more focused on tasks. As a Catalyst study concludes that according to leaders and followers in the workplace, â€Å"women leaders take care, men leaders take charge. † Realize, however, that this involves people’s perceptions of leaders, colored by stereotypes and expectations. Finally, there is a growing body of research that has studied the leadership styles and leadership â€Å"potential† of men and women, typically men and women managers (but also women in non-managerial positions). For example, using the theory of transformational leadership as an indicator of successful leadership (transformational leaders are inspirational, positive role models, concerned about followers, empowering, and push followers to be creative and take chances), research shows that women, as a group, have more transformational qualities than men. In other words, and based on this research, women have more leadership potential and tend to lead more effectively than men (I discussed this in an earlier post). So, what are the implications? Well, as attitudes about women leaders change (they are changing, albeit ever so slowly) and the â€Å"labyrinth† becomes less difficult to navigate, we expect more to women attain high-level leadership positions. Noted leadership scholar, Bernard Bass, predicted that by the year 2034 the majority of high-level leaders will be women, based on their more transformational qualities. Of course, men in leadership positions are also realizing that the old way of leading – taking charge (command and control) – may not be as effective in today’s world and in the future, so they learn to adapt and change how they lead.

The effects of unemployment on the economy Essay

Economists call unemployment a lagging indicator of the economy, as the economy usually improves before the unemployment rate starts to rise again. However, unemployment causes a sort of ripple effect across the economy. The two key problems resulting from unemployment, especially the unemployment of labor, are personal hardships and lost production. The owners of the unemployed resources suffer personal hardships due to the lack of income. The rest of society also suffers from unemployment due to the lack of available production. Unemployment creates personal hardships for the owners of the unemployed resources. When resources do not produce goods, their owners do not earn income. The loss of income results in less consumption and a lower living standard. While this problem applies to any resource, it is most important for labor. The owners of capital, land, and entrepreneurship often earn income from more than one resource. Thus a loss of income from one resource is not a total los s of income. Many workers, however, often earn income only from labor. The loss of income from labor might mean a total loss of income. Unemployment also causes total production in the economy to decline. If fewer resources are engaged in production, fewer goods and services are produced. As suggested by the circular flow model, the severity of the connection between lost production and unemployment is magnified by the multiplier effect. An initial decline in the income, consumption, and production associated with unemployment triggers further declines in income, consumption, and production. As such, members of society, who might escape the direct immediate personal hardships of unemployment, often succumb to the indirect, multiplicative problems of lost production. Number-crunching economists have estimated that for each 1 percent rise in the unemployment rate, that gross domestic product declines by 3 percent. Lost production is especially troublesome because it is an opportunity that is lost forever. This lost production delays society’s efforts to increase living standards and address the problem of scarcity. That is, when an unemployed worker does NOT produce output today, that output can never be recouped. If a worker is unemployed on Monday, Monday’s production is lost forever.

Looking Glass Self Essay

Good observation!!! What is acceptable in one group is not always acceptable in another. Therefore, you change your appearance based on what you what others to think about you. The others’ perceived judgment about your style makes you change your style depending upon the group. Directions: Answer the Pre-Reading questions using Chapter 5 Section 2 Guided Reading Notes. When finished, read the article The Looking Glass Self: Who Holds Our Reflections. Read the short article and answer the Guided Reading questions. Finally, write a response to the journal activity. Pre-Reading: 1. According to Charles Horton Cooley, how do people develop their personality? People develop their personality by imaging how people see self. 2. What are the steps in this process? Looking-Glass Self†¦ how we appear to others, other’ reactions toward you and finally you have to conceder such perspective from other’ The Looking Glass Self; Who Holds Our Reflections? An interesting discussion is about the theory of the Looking Glass Self by Charles Horton Cooley. Cooley thought that an individual and society do not exist separately, but rather the individual is the product society and society is the product of the individual. There are three parts to the concept; how a person thinks the other(s) perceives him, how the person thinks the other(s) judges that perception, and the reaction of the person to the assumed perceptions and judgments. I can imagine what a group of diverse people sitting around discussing this may argue, both for and against the theory. What a lively debate it could be, mixing young and old, liberal and conservative, and experienced and inexperienced into the same group. Ah, how many of those individuals, I wonder, would have dressed to convey an image to the others, would speak in certain manners in order to impress or distress, or would consider what the importance of their statements would have upon the other group members? At first, the theory seems to explain that each person is no more than a reflection of society. More realistically, the theory means we are products of our cultures, our physical surroundings, and the human beings with whom we associate. Generally, I think it can be agreed, most people want to fit into society in some manner. And to fit in means to obey some of the rules of the group to which we belong, or want to belong. Considering everyone wants to fit in somewhere, people we surround ourselves with have a great influence on who we become. The type of people that we associate with differs through the various stages of our lives; the drinking buddies we may have had in our early twenties may not be the same people we want as godparents for our children. The people from Church are probably not the people we would invite to a bachelor party. And so, as we grow older, what type of people should we associate with? What reflections of ourselves do we want to nurture? It depends on how each of us view the process of aging, what and when is â€Å"old age† to each of us, do we plan to â€Å"go gently into the night† or will we remain active in and throughout the middle and latter stages of life, just as we did in our physical youth? There are no wrong answers, merely different ways for different people. Simply being aware of the influences others have on us is important. In that way, we can more actively choose those from whom we are reflected, and be mindful of how we react to others, as reflections of who they are. Guided Reading 1. What are three examples given of step one at the end of the second paragraph? Or, how do people project their image to be judged? Dress up to convey others image, speak in certain way and what is the importance of their statement. 2. How do we become members of a group? We should adapt the social member. 3. While our surroundings shape us, what choice do we have as individuals upon our personality development? We can choice people or group that we should be affected by. For example, if I want to be healthy, I should not hang out with people who drink alcohols. Post-Reading Journal Response: Below explain a personal example about a time in your life where you experienced the Looking Glass Self. What was your imagined appearance? What were people’s reactions? How did the perceived reactions make you feel about yourself? I have two nationalities when I was born because my parents are Japanese (my father) and Thai (my mother). That means I have international family, so that I have more opportunities to interact among different nationality. When I dress up or set my hairstyle like Japanese which I think very cool style, my Thai relative, such as grandpa and grandma, looks me strangely because they does know Japanese style. It is not just only my relative but also my friends sometimes. Since there are different perspective between Japanese and Thai, I have to adapt my looks due to who I meet.

Choose a topic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Choose a topic - Research Paper Example He proved himself to be an essential part of literature’s history, being not only a poet but a literary critic, a playwright, leader of literature’s modernist movement and winner of Nobel Prize in field of literature. Thomas Stearns Eliot was born in St. Louis on 26th September 1888 (Shook 722) to Henry Ware Eliot and Charlotte Stearns Eliot. He had six other siblings; his mother was a poet too. In 1905 he graduated high school, the following year was spent at a private prep school called Milton academy in Massachusetts. He started his term at Harvard in 1906 September, he studied from professors like Irving Abbott and Paul Elmer there, and both of whom became a major influence on Eliot’s writing. There influence on Eliot was through his stress on tradition and his classicism. Eliot also studied Dante’s poetry which too became his primary inspiration and source of enthusiasm. Eliot completed his B.A in 1909 and stayed at Harvard to complete English literature’s master’s degree. He left in fall of next year and went to Paris where he spent a year. He took courses at Sorbonne, wrote, read and mostly soaked the atmosphere in Paris. When he returned to States, he also went back to Harvard, where he continued taking graduate course now in philosophy, also serving as teaching assistant. In academic session 1914-1915 he was awarded travelling fellowship, with that he chose to go to Germany to study, yet he had to leave from there after just few weeks due to outbreak of World War 1. He went to London after his stay at Germany was terminated, which then became his permanent home. Eliot got a chance to meet Ezra Pound, through a class fellow from Harvard on 22nd September 1914; Pound too soon became major influence on Eliot’s literary career and its development. Eliot wrote one of his most famous poems â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock†

Project 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Project 2 - Essay Example This research paper is aimed at discussing community policing by providing its pros and cons and presenting a final decision on whether to implement community policing or not. The rate of crime in the United States has significantly risen over the past decade. Crime has become a topic of discussion and an important debate in a bid to solve the issue. The American society has started living lives full of fear of crime and hence it is the high time that better policing policies are implemented. The government has devoted a lot of funds to crime fighting, but it has not produced positive results. The society alone cannot control crime since they have no right to taking the law on their hands. Increasing police resource at this period of a global economic crisis has posed a great challenge to the government. The crime situation is, therefore, beyond the ability of the community alone or the police department alone. The situation calls for a collaboration of the community and the police departments in a bid to solve crime and disorder, and the collaboration is called community policing. Involving the community in controlling crime is the most dependable solution to the breaking deadlock of crime. The community has more knowledge about their neighborhoods and hence identifying criminal is very easy. It is expected that due to the current high crime rates, the community will be motivated to collaborate with the police so as to eliminate their fear or crime. On the other hand, the police are working under minimal finances and resources and hence they will be motivated to have the support of the community in accomplishing their mission. Community policing policy is, therefore, expected to work out well since the two major partnerships have a high need for assistance (Sozer, 2010). Community policing encourages collaboration between organizations, departments and the community and hence reduces their resistance and promotes

Northern Short Grass Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Northern Short Grass - Research Paper Example The common animals of the region are bison, cattle, pronghorn, sharp tailed grouse and dung beetle. The grassland soil is probably the richest in the world. The soil of the short grass land is an amalgamation of metamorphic and igneous outwash, limestone, sandstone, shale and loess. The important soil types are mollisols and alfisol. In the past few decades the shortgrass ecosystem has been declared as an endangered habitat due to human invasion. Some of the terms that will be frequently used in this research paper are defined below: Johnson (2001) defines the below mentioned terms in the book â€Å"A Walk in the Prairie†. Prairie: Prairie is a word used for grasslands in North America. The climate of the prairie habitat does not allow the growth of trees. It allows only the growth of small plants (Johnson, 2001). Grassland: A biome where only grass and small plants grow and where the climate is not suitable for the growth of tall trees (Johnson, 2001). Shortgrass: It is a typ e of prairie where the amount of precipitation is very low and because of which the plants in the region are not taller than a person’s knee (Johnson, 2001). Tallgrass: It is another kind of prairie where the amount of precipitation is sufficient for the growth of tall plants (Johnson, 2001). ... According to Malin prairies are the large area of grassland or natural meadows. They have their own type of vegetation which contains less tress and more grass, flowers and other herbs. The height of the grass in the grasslands varies depending upon the type of soil and the amount of precipitation. Grasslands are those areas which, on one hand, are too moist for the deserts and on the other hand are too dry for the growth of forest type of vegetation. They exist due to the seasonal droughts, continuous grazing by the herbivores and occasional fires. These three factors play an important role in preventing the growth of large trees and shrubs. The three types of grasslands are tropical, temperate and cold. However we will restrict ourselves to the discussion of temperate grasslands since shortgrass prairie of the Northern America falls in this category. The aim of this paper is to discuss the shortgrass prairies in North America. The methodology of the research is based on exploration of the relevant literature for a detailed understanding of the topic. Authentic websites and peer reviewed articles and books have been consulted. Several problems related to the area under discussion have been brought into light for a better future of the short grasslands of North America. Maps, diagrams and charts have been included for a detailed understanding of the topic. Pic. 1: Map of grasslands in North America (Source: FAO. 2005) http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y8344e/y8344e0d.htm Tinker and Hild (2005) describe the location of the grasslands in North America which are found in the east of Rocky Mountains from Nebraska and Wyoming southward through the high plains. The North American grasslands spread in the east between the Great Lakes and Ohio River going as far as Indiana

Research, identify and discuss technologys influence on society, as Essay

Research, identify and discuss technologys influence on society, as well as at least three ways it has changed the way companies do business - Essay Example Satellite technology has become so advanced that these systems give companies such as Southwest and American Airlines the ability to understand specific cloud formations and make course adjustments in an instant. This improves efficiency and puts much less dependency on physical air traffic control agents. Satellite technology improvements also satisfy budget restrictions, thereby allowing all consumers to have the pleasure of receiving lower cost fares. Technology also influences society in the form of high energy physics. This type of physical science technology has improved medicine by accelerating efficiency of x-rays and photons to better track disease and cancer (HEP, 2010). High energy physics have also changed power transmission with utility companies, thereby giving consumers more reliable energy sources with much less loss of power. This technology has changed how utility companies do business by giving them long-term sustainable options for electricity transfer by burying cables and thus freeing the environment for more infrastructure and housing. Finally, technology has changed business and society in terms of physical medicine to improve patients and shorten reliance on physical hospital workers. For example, technological improvements now allow diabetes patients to monitor their own glucose levels and make informed decisions as to whether to inject or deny practical treatment. Self-monitoring devices are relatively new that no longer require painful regular injections and extensive blood extraction, thereby improving the quality of life for diabetes patients. This also frees up the labor pool for hospitals and independent clinics whereby doctors and nurses no longer have to staff as many individuals or can free up their activities for more important patient issues. These hospitals and clinics, thanks to technology, can provide support

Open Source Versus Closed Source Software Essay

Open Source Versus Closed Source Software - Essay Example Currently, there are a huge number of categories of the open source software that include but not limited to the Application Software, Operating Systems, Programming Languages and Server Software. Under each category there are many items / applications, for example, the application software include: Mozilla Firefox – a web browser, OpenOffice – an office suit, Eclipse – an integrated development environment, 7-zip – a file archiver or compressor etc. The operating systems include: the Linux, Android – a mobile OS, FreeBSD etc. The open source computer programming languages include: PHP – a scripting language used to develop websites, Perl, Ruby etc. The open source server software include: Apache – a web server, Joomla – a web content management system etc. Closed Source Software Closed source software also known as proprietary software is computer software which is only available without source code and licensed under limited l egal right as per provided by the copyright owner. The buyer of the propriety software is permitted to use the software having restrictions on modifications, redistribution, update / upgrade or reverse engineering and it is typically owned by a single organization. The vendors usually provide an executable or compiled form of the software application’s source code so that only the central processing unit of the computer can understand the machine language that cannot be converted into the source code. The propriety software is not allowed to redistribute or sharing the software with others, in case anybody else wanted to use the proprietary software it is required to purchase another unique license of the software. In other words, the proprietary software is the property of the owner / developer / publisher that cannot be copied or modified, with an appropriate price and need to comply the license agreement (National Taiwan University, 1991). Like the open source software, th e proprietary software has much more categories of the software include: Operating System, Computer Programming Languages, software applications, public domain software, private software etc. There are several examples including Microsoft Windows, Microsoft Programming languages – ASP.Net etc., Microsoft Office etc. Open vs. Closed Source Software – Advantages and Disadvantages For every advantage there exists disadvantage, therefore, both types of software have there exist advantages as well as disadvantages. Let’s talk about the advantages of both types, the advantages of the open source software include: free of cost, right to modify and redistribute the source code, the technology neutral or the open source software can be used with other software, freedom and flexibility of having multiple vendors, high security, quality, customizability, interoperability and audibility. "Open Source software tends to be free of dependency on related products. Purchasers of ten perceive that the product works best with other products from the same manufacturer. Open Source software offers its users greater freedom to purchase other products, avoiding lock-in to particular manufacturers." (QinetiQ, 2001) There are many disadvantages of the open source software as compared to the closed source software that include but not limited to the less availability of support, updates, less reliability as anyone can change / edit the code and

Flannery o'conner's - any topic use of faith violence or compare two Essay

Flannery o'conner's - any topic use of faith violence or compare two stories - Essay Example This daughter, and subsequently the rest of her family, is eventually taken advantage of by a drifter of some kind that enters the family’s world for a brief period. Despite this similarity, particularly in the characters of Hulga Hopewell and Lucynell Crater (the younger), the two somehow defective and unmarried daughters, O’Connor manages to convey widely different messages. By comparing the two daughters within these stories and their unique experiences, as they measure up against known trademarks of O’Connor’s writing style, it is possible to find O’Connor’s general worldview regarding the nature of evil in the world but also her hope that there might still be some good left in it as well. It is in contrasting these characters that one begins to understand O’Connor’s ideas of the loss of innocence and what makes a person defective. In â€Å"Good Country People,† a small household of women gets a visit from a young door-to-door Bible salesman. One of these women is Hulga Hopewell, who is 32 years old and feels herself ugly beyond belief. Although she has earned a Ph.D. in philosophy, she must wear a false leg because her natural leg had been shot off in an accident when she was a child. She finds no inner value in her ability to think and can only judge herself by her outward appearance, purposely suiting her inner character in every way she can devise to match with this outer perception. While her mother invites the salesman in and considers him ‘good country people’ like she is, meaning they share many of the same morals, values and ethics, Hulga does not believe in anything so prosaic. As a means of acting out against this ideal of the ‘good country people’, Hulga determines to seduce this young man as soon as he shows the slightest interest in her. She reasons if she can sed uce something as good, pure and sweet as the man her mother chooses to see, the epitome of

Our Absurd fear of fat Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Our Absurd fear of fat - Essay Example n society has been made to believe that being thin is good not only for the sake of health but also for the reason that thinness is associated with beauty. Popular media in the U.S. and in other countries have associated obesity and being overweight with several health conditions such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes, and, therefore, higher mortality. The law professor is seeking to dispel the fear that people have about obesity and being overweight. In his view there no study has shown a significant relationship between the mortality of people who overweight or obese, and trivial variations in weight. The article is targeted at the public in America, and by extension the whole world, and especially those who consider themselves to be obese or overweight. The author seeks to reassure his obese or overweight audience that they really may have no cause to worry about their weight. The subject under discussion in the text mainly relates to obesity and being overweight and the exte nt to which these conditions have been presented in negative light. Campos succeeds in appealing to the audience by relying on statistics. Campos relies on statistics to make the audience appreciate the extent of the â€Å"problem† and its supposed gravity. To this extent, he first makes the audience get sympathetic to those who are considered to be of abnormal weight before getting deeper into the subject and dispelling the audience’s fears. When he notes that nearly 7 out of 10 American adults are overweigh (par. 1), for example, he succeeds in drawing the attention of the audience who may quite easily be part of the statistics of overweight people. The author also appeals to the emotions of the audience by carefully choosing his words. For example, he states at one point that, †¦ baselessly categorizing at least 130 million Americans — and hundreds of millions in the rest of the world — as people in need of â€Å"treatment† for their â€Å"condition† serves the economic

Memo to Passengers on Spree Cruise Lines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Memo to Passengers on Spree Cruise Lines - Essay Example It is unfortunate that with this situation, we also need to skip our Cancun destination altogether. We understand that this is an unhappy announcement for everyone. However, passenger safety and the ships integrity are our main concerns. Rest assured that we would make the necessary special arrangements for a differentiated level of experience during our short stay at Cozumel. Furthermore, our Cruise Director Ned would create some activities to make our travel fun, entertaining, and still worth its while. We are open to ideas and suggestions from everyone. We would also like to call everyones attention regarding some internet posts that some may have done during the past hours. We regret the worries that this incident may have caused you, but we also would request for everyone not to provide unnecessary worries to our loved ones who are waiting for us on land. We would like to minimize any issues this could cause everyone, and at the same time have the relaxation and fun that we expect from this trip. Our ship may be running slow, but let us not let this â€Å"slow us

Through the two main characters of Rhodaand Gertrude Essay Example for Free

Through the two main characters of Rhodaand Gertrude Essay Through the two main characters of Rhoda and Gertrude the writer allows the reader to know his opinion on gender equality at the time. As well as criticising the way in which men treat women, he also states his feelings on how women treat other women and their selves. Rhoda is firstly represented as a mysterious, lonely and segregated person who has a history with the character, Farmer Lodge. This assumption can be taken from the way the fellow workers treat Rhoda and their conversations involving Farmer Lodge and his new bride. For example one milk maid says, Tis hard for she while looking at Rhoda who is described by the writer as, a thin fading woman of thirty milked somewhat apart from the rest. This description is just, because the workers speak blatantly about Rhoda and her past, even though she is in hearing distance. It is like they are aware of her presence, but choose to discount it because Rhoda, in their eyes is worthless. This leads the reader to think what Rhoda has done in order to be isolated from the group and be treated with such an obvious mix of contempt and sympathy. The initial conversation in the workplace also highlights how differently men and women are treated and how differently their roles in life really are. The reader can see that Rhoda and Farmer lodge have some kind of history and they are aware of what peoples reactions to Rhoda are, yet it is clear that the man, who has presumably participated in the same secretive affair is treated with a more positive and accepting attitude. Despite the workers still gossiping about his wedding and debating his age, there doesnt seem to be as much scandal about his past, any references made are directed about Rhoda and her involvement. The next paragraph begins with the workers leaving for home, Rhodas seclusion because of past events and her womanhood, are highlighted once more in the line, lay apart from that of others, to a lonely spot The readers also learn that she has a son as a result o a past affair with Farmer Lodge, your father brings his young wife Rhodas obsessive nature concerning her past love is also made clear. She continually asks her son for details in order to compare Gertrude with herself, If shes dark or fair, and if shes tall The writer uses Rhodas insecurities to symbolise how men drive women to desperation, how they cause women to doubt themselves and loose confidence in their own mind and body just because of a mans actions and how they choose to treat women, in this case in a disparaging way. The writer also uses Rhodas self- absorption (his mother not observing that he was cutting a notch with his pocket-knife); obsessive fixation on Gertrudes appearance and the twisted gratification she receives at hearing of Gertrudes faults (She is not tall. She is rather short. He replied. Ah! said his mother with satisfaction) to criticise how weak some women can be. The writer sympathises with Rhodas mistreatment but also pities her for allowing she to become a victim in the first place. This opinion is later confirmed when Rhoda is so consumed with envy and scorn that she dreams about Gertrude. The dream being a metaphor for her inner feelings. Up to this point the writer doesnt prompt much sympathy for the character of Rhoda as she is construed as bitter and slightly vindictive, yet after the event we see a softer side to her. She does worry when she meets Gertrude and notices that she does in fact have a withered arm. She is racked with guilt and remorse (Rhodas heart reproached her bitterly) and we see that she isnt just a hostile ex with a chip on her shoulder and that she does actually care as the writer shows us in the line, This innocent young thing should have her blessing not her curse. Throughout the rest of the story Rhoda does her best to help her replacement Gertrude and not because shes only feeling guilt but because she actually likes her. Gertrude at the beginning of the story is described as Rhoda Brooks opposite, (of Rhoda), there was more of the strength that endures in her well-defined features and large frame than in the soft cheeked woman before her. Gertrudes initial character is kind, cheerful and in the trend of the time was completely devoted to her husband. It was only after her husbands reaction to her withered arm did she begin to change into an irritable, superstitious woman. Instead of supporting her and showing her unconditional encouragement and affection Farmer lodge froze her out, making her feel ugly, useless and eventually causing her to take drastic measures, which were most out of her once caring and sensible character. The writer uses the lines, I shouldnt so much mind it if-if I hadnt a notion that it makes my husband dislike me-no love me less. Men think so much of personal appearance, to once again criticize both males and females of the time. Men for making women degrade themselves in order to pathetically please their man and women for allowing themselves to be so hopelessly dependant on a males approval and love. He is saying that, that kind of relationship is destructive, to a female especially since most men of the time focused solely on appearance, Yes; and he was very proud of mine at first. The writer uses the characters of Rhoda and Gertrude as a kind of before and after picture. In the beginning we see that Rhoda Brook is a lonely, poor woman who is branded a witch and thought of as highly scandalous yet we see Gertrude as an innocent and beautiful young woman, the later image is ironic because the beautiful Gertrude does transform into a Rhoda-like being, bitter and obsessive. The writer is allowing us to see the process in which vanity, reliance, obsession and the behaviour of men towards women along with the nature of the female friendship enables the downfall of a person.

Structure Function Of Axial Skeleton

Structure Function Of Axial Skeleton The axial skeleton consists of the 80 bones in the head and trunk of the human body. It is composed of several parts; the human skull, the sternum, the rib cage, and the vertebral column. There are also some major bones included in this skeleton. The skull, which is located on top of the vertebral column, is one. The axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton together form the complete skeleton. The axial skeleton transmits the weight from the head, the trunk, and the upper extremities down to the lower extremities at the hip joints, and is therefore responsible for the upright position of the human body. Most of the body weight is located in back of the spinal column which therefore has the erector spinae muscles and a large amount of ligaments attached to it resulting in the curved shape of the spine. The 366 skeletal muscles acting on the axial skeleton position the spine, allowing for big movements in the thoracic cage for breathing, and the head, where they control the minute and complex facial movements. Adults have 12 pairs of ribs, which run between the sternum and the thoracic cage. The ribs are flat bones that create a protective cage around the heart and lungs. An individual will have seven pairs of ribs that both attach to the sternum and vertebrae. These are true ribs. They will also have three pairs that attach from the vertebrae to a cartilage attachment on the sternum and two that attach to the vertebrae but are free as they have no second attachment. These are free ribs. The spine is made up of five different areas; cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacrum (5), coccyx (4). The seven cervical vertebrae make up the neck and run down to the shoulders. The twelve thoracic vertebrae make up the chest area and the five lumbar vertebrae make up the lower back. The sacrum consists of five vertebrae and these are fixed together and they form a joint with the pelvis and the coccyx is four bones joined together, which are remnants of when we had a tail. The appendicular skeleton is composed of 126 bones in the human body. The word appendicular is the adjective of the noun appendage which itself means a part that is joined to something larger. Functionally it is involved in locomotion (Lower limbs) of the axial skeleton and manipulation of objects in the environment (Upper limbs). The appendicular skeleton is divided into six major areas and contains bones such as; shoulder girdle (scapula and clavicle), the pelvic girdle, upper and lower limbs. It is important to realize that through anatomical variation it is common for the skeleton to have many extra bones (sutural bones in the skull, cervical ribs, lumbar ribs and even extra lumbar vertebrae). Their functions are to make locomotion possible and to protect the major organs of locomotion, digestion, excretion, and reproduction. The appendicular skeleton of 134 bones and the axial skeleton of 80 bones together form the complete skeleton of 206 bones in the human body. Unlike the axial skeleton, the appendicular skeleton is unfused. This allows for a much greater range of motion. The bones colored red are the bones in the appendicular skeleton. Fibula Tibia Patella Femur Carpals, Metacarpals, phalanges Ulna Radius Humerus Scapula, clavicle Ischium, illium, pubis Tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges The functions of the major bones of the appendicular skeleton. Clavicle This bone connects the upper arm to the trunk of the body. One end is connected to scapula. The role of the clavicle is to keep the scapula the correct distance from the sternum. Scapula This bone is at the back of the body. The scapula provides points of attachment for many of the muscles of the upper back and arms. Arm This consists of three bones; the humerus (upper arm), the radius and the ulna (lower arm). The ulna forms the elbow joint with the humerus and runs to the little finger. The radius is positioned opposite the ulna and runs to the thumb side. When the hand moves the radius moves across the ulna. Hand The hand has three areas made up with different types of bones. First, wrist is made up of eight bones called carpals, which are small bones made up into two rows of four; the five long bones between the wrist and fingers are called metacarpals and the bones of the fingers are phalanges. There are fourteen phalanges in all with three in each finger and two in the thumb. Pelvis The pelvis protects and supports the lower internal organs, including the bladder, the reproductive organs, and also in pregnant women, the developing foetus. The pelvis is made up of three bones, the ilium, pubis and Ischium, which have become fused together to form one main area. The Leg The leg consists of four bones; the femur is the longest bone in the body and forms the knee joint with the tibia, which is the weight-bearing bone of the lower leg; the fibula is the non- weight bearing bone of the lower leg and helps the ankle; the patella is the bone that floats over the knee. It lies within the patella tendon and smoothes the movement of the tendons over the knee joint. The Foot Like the hand that has three areas, so does the foot. The seven tarsals form the ankle, the five metatarsals travel from the ankle to the toes and the fourteen phalanges which make up the toes. There are three in each toe and two in each big toe. Compact bone or (cortical bone) Cortical bone, synonymous with compact bone, is one of the two types of osseous tissue that form bones. Cortical bone facilitates bones main functions: to support the body, protect organs, provide levers for movement, and store and release chemical elements, mainly calcium and phosphorous. As its name implies, cortical bone forms the cortex, or outer shell, of most bones. Again, as its name implies, compact bone is much denser than cancellous bone, which is the other type of osseous tissue. Furthermore, it is harder, stronger and stiffer than cancellous bone. Cortical bone contributes about 80% of the weight of a human skeleton. The primary anatomical and functional unit of cortical bone is the osteon. Properties of cortical bone studies using MRI and CT scan are the main field of research in recent years. Cancellous bone Cancellous bone, synonymous with trabecular bone or spongy bone, is one of the two types of osseous tissue that form bones. Compared to compact bone, which is the other type of osseous tissue, it has a higher surface area but is less dense, softer, weaker, and less stiff. It typically occupies the interior region of bones. Cancellous bone is highly vascular and frequently contains red bone marrow where hematopoiesis, which is the production of blood cells, occurs. The primary anatomical and functional unit of cancellous bone is the trabecula. Types of Bones There are 5 types of bone found within the human body. These are long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid. Long Bones Long bones are some of the longest bones in the body, such as the Femur, Humerus and Tibia but are also some of the smallest including the Metacarpals, Metatarsals and Phalanges. The classification of a long bone includes having a body which is longer than it is wide, with growth plates (epiphysis) at either end, having a hard outer surface of compact bone and a spongy inner known as cancellous bone containing bone marrow. Both ends of the bone are covered in hyaline cartilage to help protect the bone and aid shock absorption. The femur a long bone Short Bones Short bones are defined as being approximately as wide as they are long and have a primary function of providing support and stability with little movement. Examples of short bones are the Carpals and Tarsals in the wrist and foot. They consist of only a thin layer of compact, hard bone with cancellous bone on the inside along with relatively large amounts of bone marrow. The carpals short bones Flat Bones Flat bones are as they sound, strong, flat plates of bone with the main function of providing protection to the bodys vital organs and being a base for muscular attachment. The classic example of a flat bone is the Scapula (shoulder blade). The Sternum (breast bone), Cranium (skull), Pelvis and Ribs are also classified as flat bones. Anterior and posterior surfaces are formed of compact bone to provide strength for protection with the centre consisting of cancellous (spongy) bone and varying amounts of bone marrow. In adults, the highest number of red blood cells are formed in flat bones. The scapula a flat bone Irregular Bones These are bones which do not fall into any other category, due to their non-uniform shape. Good examples of these are the Vertebrae, Sacrum and Mandible (lower jaw). They primarily consist of cancellous bone, with a thin outer layer of compact bone. Vertebrae irregular bones Sesamoid Bones Sesamoid bones are usually short or irregular bones, imbedded in a tendon. The most obvious example of this is the Patella (knee cap) which sits within the Patella or Quadriceps tendon. Other sesamoid bones are the Pisiform (smallest of the Carpals) and the two small bones at the base of the 1st Metatarsal. Sesamoid bones are usually present in a tendon where it passes over a joint which serves to protect the tendon. The patella a sesamoid bone Specific uses for specific bones Specific bones in the body are designed for their own purpose. The femur is the largest bone in the human body. The reason for this is that it has a great number of muscles attached to its surface. These muscles are needed in order for the leg to be able to move. It also has to bear some of the weight of the upper body. The shoulder is another bone that has its own purpose. Its purpose is to allow rotational movement of the upper arm. As a ball and socket joint it does this. It is also a surface for the muscles that allow attaching to. Without these muscles this movement would be impossible. The elbow and the knee can be used as an example of bones of the body that have many functions. The knee is made up of two parts the patella is the part of the knee that allows movement and it rests on a bursae. The second part is the joining of the femur and the tibia and the fibula. This is a meeting of many bones and many muscles and all these muscles control things like the movement of the an kle and the foot. The different types of joints A place where two bones join or meet is called a joint or articulation. A joint is held together with ligaments and these give the joint stability. Joints are placed into three categories depending on the amount of movement available. Fixed/fibrous; these joints allow no movement. These joints can be found between the plates of the skull. Slightly moveable/cartilaginous; these allow a small amount and are held in place by ligaments and are cushioned by cartilage. These types of joints can be found between the vertebrae of the spine. Moveable/ synovial; there are six types of this joint all with varying degrees of movement. The six types of joint are: hinge, ball and socket, pivot, condyloid, sliding, and saddle. A synovial joint is made up of several components; Synovial capsule keeps the contents of the synovial joint in place. Synovial membrane releases synovial fluid onto the joint. Synovial fluid a thick oily substance that helps lubricate the joint and allows free movement. Articular cartilage a bluish-white covering that protects the end of the bones from wearing down. Hinge joint This is a diagram of a knee. This joint is a hinge joint. The hyaline cartilage on the end of the femur is used as an articulating surface when rubbing with the medial meniscus. This movement, controlled by the lateral collateral ligament, is what enables us to be able to walk. The movement of walk is the only movement of this joint and it is flexion (when the joint is pulled back by the lateral collateral ligament) and extension (when the leg swings forward to full extension by the lateral collateral ligament). A sporting example of this range of movement is the kicking of a football or rugby ball. Ball and socket This is a diagram of a shoulder joint, which is a ball and socket joint. The humeral head is covered in hyaline cartilage and is used as a rubbing surface against the inside of the socket. The range of movement for this joint is flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction and rotation. A sporting example of the use of this joint is hitting a serve in tennis. Condyloid joint This type of joint can be found at the wrist. It allows movement in two different planes; this is called biaxial. It allows you to bend and straighten the joint (flexion and extension). A sporting example of this joint is using a foil in the sport fencing. Pivot joint This joint can be found in the top two vertebrae of your neck. These two vertebrae are call the atlas and axis. It only allows rotational movement. For example it only lets you move your head from side to side as if you were saying no. A sporting example of this joint is the heading of a football. Saddle joint This joint is found only in the thumbs. It allows movement in three planes, backwards, forwards, from side to side and across. These plains of movement are called, Sagittal Plane, Frontal Plane, and Transverse Plane. This joint is specific to only humans. It gives us manual dexterity. This enables us to hold a cup or to write, among many other skills. A sporting example of the use of this joint is the griping of a racket handle in badminton. Gliding joint This type of joint can be found in the carpal bones of the hand and the tarsal bones in the ankle. These types of joint occur between the surfaces of two short or long bones. They allow very limited movement in a range of directions. A sporting example of the use of this joint is the applying of spin to a pass in rugby. Contrast and Comparison of synovial joints. All these synovial joints allow different ranges of movement. They are all in different places and the joint that is there is designed specifically for that function. Without that joint the body would cease to be the perfect machine that we all rely on. This happens to us when we suffer an injury somewhere in our bodies. These joints allow us different ranges of movement because of all the different bones that they are made up of and their composition. An example of this would be that a ball and socket joint could take the place of a gliding joint and keep the exact function. All the joints in the body are there for the one purpose that they do. This could be seen as a disadvantage but when you have something that foes its job so well, why would want to replace? Effects of exercise on the skeletal system If we were to train for a period of about three months we will start to experience some adaptations to our skeletal system: an increase in bone density, stronger ligaments, and a thickening of the hyaline cartilage at the end of the bones. The bones become denser if we perform a lot of weight-bearing exercises, which is where we put force through a bone. An example of this is if we did a lot of walking or running, it places force through the tibia, fibula, and femur, and the body will respond by laying down higher amounts of cartilage and calcium to strengthen the bones. Weight-bearing exercise will also increase osteoblast activity, which means that more bone is being built or being laid down. As the ligaments become stronger due to the higher amounts of collagen being laid down, they also increase the stability of the joints and make them less prone to injury. All the following activities can help stave off such specific bone conditions like osteoporosis; running, skipping, brisk w alking, aerobics, tennis. However, there can be some negative long term effects on your skeleton from specific sports. Here is an example from the sport of tennis and the common injury, tennis elbow. The most common cause of tennis elbow is repeated overuse of your arm. Playing tennis three times in a week when you havent played for some time is the sort of overuse that could cause tennis elbow. However, most people who develop tennis elbow havent been playing tennis. A range of different activities that involve repeated hand, wrist and forearm movements is more often the cause. This includes activities like using a screwdriver, using vibratory work equipment (such as a drill), or even using a keyboard. Rarely, tendon damage can happen after a single and often minor incident, such as lifting something heavy or taking part in an activity which you dont do very often, such as painting and decorating. These activities can cause a tear in your tendon. Short term effects of sport on the skeletal system A short term affect of exercise on the skeleton is an increase in the secretion of synovial fluid from the joints. Another effect is that the area of the joint may be warmed up and may be easier to move. The joints ligaments and tendons may also become suppler as a result of this. This affects the skeleton by creating the need to replace this lost glucose and thus regaining the lost energy. As we can see there are some differences between the long and short term effects of doing exercise. You can suffer injuries from both and they can have long or short term effects on your body. A plus side is that your body rebuilds itself quickly and can become healthier and fitter through the use of exercise. Therefore the next time you go to do the sporting activity, you are able to perform better. You should not, though, do to much lengthy exercise for a great period of time as this can also have the undesired affect of stress on the skeleton. You should not do to much light exercise as this can have the affect of your body not benefiting from the exercise. Instead you should try and mix up the exercise routine you do so that you can gain the greatest possible outcome of health and fitness for your body.

The Role And Importance Of Ethical Behaviour Philosophy Essay

The Role And Importance Of Ethical Behaviour Philosophy Essay Ethical behaviour as it relates to the Counselling and Consulting Psychologist is a matter of life and death. Good ethical decisions lead to life, vibrancy and growth of the psychological practice. On the other hand, if a psychologist continues to make unethical decisions, especially where the right choice is evident and fairly easy to make, it is almost certain that his practice will not continue for very long. The psychologist will often be faced with situations that require sound ethical decision making ability. Arriving at the appropriate course of action to take when facing an ethical dilemma, however, can be a real challenge. The American Psychological Association (APA) Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct to assist the psychologist when faced with such dilemmas. The psychologist must ensure that the power and authority that comes with the profession are not misused, nor abused. It is also up to him/her to maintain boundaries and professional distance. Ensuri ng ethical behaviour is the responsibility of the psychologist, although he will not be alone in this venture, as psychologists seek to spur each other on to ethical behaviour. Suppose that as a psychologist during psychotherapy, a client disclosed that he was planning to kill a woman who had refused his advances. What should you do? This is clearly an ethical dilemma that you would be faced with. On one hand, you are well aware that the information a client supplies in therapy should be confidential, that is, the information is strictly between therapist and client, and should not be disclosed to anyone else. On the other hand, you also know this person well enough to worry that he might actually murder the woman in question. (Baron, 2001) What to do? Dictionary.com defines ethics as the rules of conduct recognized in respect to a particular class of human actions or a particular group, culture, etc.; hence the terms medical ethics, Christian ethics and professional ethics. Ethics span every arena of our lives, whether we are in the helping professions or not, and at some point, we will all face an ethical dilemma. An ethical dilemma is a situation in which there is mental conflict about a decision to be made, because obeying one imperative may lead to transgressing another. When one becomes engaged in a discipline, an organization, or a job, he/she usually seeks to find out what the parameters are for operating within the particular group what the boundaries are, what the expectations are. In other words, what the ethical guidelines are for performing the given task. The American Psychological Association (APA) has established an Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct, also referred to as the Code of Ethics, which serves as an ethical guide to members of the helping professions, especially psychologists. The Jamaica Psychological Society in its effort to advance psychology as a discipline and profession (Jamaica Psychological Society, 2007) has adopted this code with a few minor modifications. The APA Code of Ethics for psychologists is based on five general principles, from which all the standards are developed. The first principle is beneficence and nonmaleficence. This means that the psychologists aim is to benefit the persons with whom they work, while, in the process, does no harm to them. The psychologist needs to always be mindful of the clients needs. In essence, their job is to put the clients needs above their own. According to Corey (2005), our professional relationships with our clients exist for their benefit (p. 37), and so the Code of Ethics encourages the counsellor to strive to be aware of any possible effect that their mental and physical state may have on his/her ability to help the client, and take the appropriate steps to take care of themselves. The second principle of the Code of ethics is fidelity and responsibility. Fidelity speaks to the fact that the psychologist seeks to establish a trusting relationship with the clients, whether the client is an individual, a group or an organization. To this end, the counsellor is well aware that the information shared by the client in therapy is strictly confidential. Confidentiality is central to developing a trusting and productive therapeutic relationship, according to Corey (2005). He notes also that it is both an ethical and a legal issue. No meaningful therapy can occur without the clients trust in the privacy of their disclosures to their counsellors, and so professionals are responsible to define and determine the degree of confidentiality that can be promised. The therapist has an ethical responsibility to discuss with the client the nature and purpose of confidentiality early in the counselling process. The client should also be made aware that the counsellor may discuss c ertain aspects of the relationship with a counsellor or colleague. The counsellor would also be aware that confidentiality must be broken when it becomes evident that the client might do serious harm to either himself or others, and of course, the client would be so informed. This is what happened in the true case used to open this paper. The therapist chose to break confidence and inform his supervisor of the clients revelations. The client was arrested. However, after promising to stay away from the woman in question, he was released. Two months later, he stabbed the woman to death. The parents of the woman sued the therapist and the university where he worked for failing to protect their daughter. This was clearly a complex issue involving confidentiality. Here, ethics and the law were walking a thin line. Corey (2005) also notes that there is a legal requirement to break confidentiality in cases involving child abuse, abuse of the elderly and of dependent adults. (p. 41) Fidelity also speaks to the right of informed consent, which is also an ethical and legal requirement, and is an integral part of the therapeutic process. Providing individuals with necessary information so that they can make informed choices can lead to greater cooperation on the part of the client. Because the therapist takes the time to educate the client about his/her rights and responsibilities, the client is empowered while a trusting relationship is being built. Corey (2005) identifies some aspects included in the process of informed consent as the general goals of counselling; the responsibilities of the counsellor toward the client; the responsibilities of the client; limitations and expectations to confidentiality; legal and ethical parameters that could define the relationship, the qualifications and background of the practitioner; the fees involved; the services the client can expect; and the approximate length of the therapeutic process (p. 40). The psychologist is responsible, not only for himself or herself as a professional, but also for colleagues. As such, psychologists are concerned about their colleagues compliance with ethical standards as well. The practicing psychologist is mindful of his/her professional responsibility to the organization and community in which he/she works, and accepts responsibility for behaviour. Principle number three of the Code of Ethics stresses integrity. The code encourages the psychologist to do everything in his/her power to promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in the science, teaching, and practice of psychology (APA, 2010). The psychologist should not attempt to cheat, defraud or be dishonest in any way, especially if such behaviour may lead to the client being harmed. The fourth principle on which the Code of Ethics is based is that of justice. In other words, fairness is the name of the game. Kitchener (1984) points out that the formal meaning of justice is treating equals equally and unequals unequally but in proportion to their relevant differences (p.49). This means that if someone is treated differently by the psychologist, it is because there is a clear and appropriate reason for that treatment. For example, if a client is determined to be unable to make certain decisions as it relates to their therapy because of some mental challenge, then the psychologist would treat this client somewhat differently from how someone who is fully able to make such decisions is treated. In addition to treating clients fairly, the psychologist is also cognizant of the fact that everyone is entitled to access and benefit from psychology and its contributions o the society. According to the code of ethics, psychologists also ensure that they are just as it relates to their own limitations of expertise and their competence. They are not to portray themselves, or allow themselves to be portrayed as a specialist in areas that they are not. The psychologist must also be non-exploitative. There are many ways that a client may be exploited, but I think in particular now of sexual misconduct. Ethics codes do not condone this activity in any form. There are many reasons for this, including the fact that if the therapist surrenders to sexual attraction with the client, he/ she is making the needs of the client secondary to their own; the therapist who engages in such a relationship can no longer remain objective in making therapeutic judgments about the client; and some clients might not be able to make sound decisions about forming intimate relationships (Baron, 2001). The final principle underpinning the Code of Ethics is respect for peoples rights and dignity. This underscores the justice principle and recognizes the humanness of each person regardless of gender, race, social status and such other distinguishing factors. The psychologist is careful not to allow personal biases to impair his treatment as it relates to such persons. The psychologist is also responsible to be aware of, and respect cultural, individual and role differences, and treat individuals accordingly, where required, based on the group of which they are a part. The whole matter of ethics for the counselling and consulting psychologist includes a vast array of subtopics and little areas that sometimes may not even be thought of until they arise within the client-therapist relationship. In all honesty, while I sat in Professional Ethics class for the weekend of June 25-27, 2010, I was introduced to, and thought of, so many ways that a therapist can make mistakes and slip up in the profession. It appeared to me that the psychologist is required to be almost a perfect person and so much is demanded of this individual, because at every turn, he/she must be cognizant of how their behaviour can affect the client and the community in which they work. It appeared to me that there are so many instances in which the counsellor, if not very sensitive, can behave unethically. More than one lecturer mentioned that they have been to social events where they have been in the company of clients. The lecturer/psychologist felt that it would be safer for her to leave the social event rather than have the client be uncomfortable. One lecturer was careful to note, however, that it is not always possible to excuse oneself from such events. In such cases, if the therapist thinks that the client might need a reassuring word that although they are familiar with the same persons, there will be no discussion of the clients issues, then they would find some private time to talk with the client. I noted with interest, too, that in the Code of Ethics, under section one (1) that deals with Resolving Ethical Issues, the first loyalty of the psychologist lies with the code. For example, Section 1.02a Conflicts Between Ethics and Law, Regulations, or Other Governing Legal Authority, the code states that: If psychologists ethical responsibilities conflict with law, regulations, other governing legal authority, psychologists make known their commitment to the Ethics Code and take steps to resolve the conflict. If the conflict is unresolvable via such means, psychologists may adhere to the requirements of the law, regulations, or other governing legal authority. (p.4) It would appear that the grounds on which most lawsuits are brought against psychologists is as it concerns unethical behaviour. This further underscores the point that the counselling and consulting psychologist needs to clarify his values, and take the ethical guidelines for both his organization and profession very seriously. The counselor will find that interpreting the ethical guidelines of the professional organization and applying them to particular situations demand the utmost ethical sensitivity (Corey, 2005). There will be times when the decision to be made is clear and easy; but there will be times when the decision is difficult, and has implications for further actions, and even for the counsellor, as in the mentioned case. The counsellor will struggle sometimes to decide how to act in ways that will further the best interests of the client. However, the psychologist is not operating, and should not operate in a vacuum. The psychologist has the option of consulting with other colleagues, and with supervisors. Corey (2005) notes that the counsellor should also keep à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ informed about laws affecting your practice, keep up-to-date in your specialty field, stay abreast of developments in ethical practice, reflect on the impact your values have on your practice and be willing to engage in honest self-examination. (p. 37) Various authors have posited ethical decision making models to assist the counsellor when faced with an ethical dilemma [e.g. Van Hoose and Paradise (1979), Kitchener (1984), Stadler (1986), Haas and Malouf (1989), Forester-Miller and Rubenstein (1992), Sileo and Kopala (1993) and Corey, Corey and Callanan, (2003)]. The steps to follow are generally the same and are listed below. Identify the problem or dilemma. Identify the potential issues surrounding the dilemma, e.g. legal issues Consult the relevant Codes of Ethics for guidance on the matter. Determine the nature and dimensions of the dilemma. This includes considering the general principles of the APA code of Ethics, reviewing relevant professional literature, consulting with experienced colleagues or supervisors and consulting your professional Board or Association. Generate potential courses of action. Consider the potential consequences of all options for both therapist and client. Choose what seems to be the best course of action, implement it, and follow up the outcomes and determine if further action is necessary. This all important matter of making sound ethical decisions in the counselling and consulting practice is not to be taken lightly by the psychologist. At every point along the practice, the counsellor is making some ethical decision. Consulting with the code of ethics and with colleagues and supervisors can help the psychologist to stay on track as he/she continues in the practice of helping.

Concussions †Managing the Risk Essay examples -- Essays Papers

Concussions – Managing the Risk Imagine that one day you woke up and could no longer do the simple things you enjoy in life. What if you couldn’t even read the paper or watch a movie with a loved one? Many current and former athletes are suffering through this every day, and the reason for this is long-term brain damage which is a direct result of concussions. Unfortunately concussions have been rising at an alarming rate. This trend has not only been occurring in big money professional sports, but also in amateur sports like youth soccer. Concussions are quickly becoming an epidemic across the entire sporting world. Each year about 300 000 amateur and professional athletes suffer head injuries (Mcphee 1). Athletics must make some significant changes to deal with this ongoing crisis. First of all, more research must be done on concussions and athletes must be more informed about the risks they are taking. Secondly, the athletic community must look at the role of technology in sports and decide how i t should be applied to help improve this situation. Finally, the governing bodies of sport must implement rule changes to protect athletes from unnecessary risks during competition. Until these issues are addressed, this alarming trend of long-term brain injury will continue throughout the sporting world. A concussion is most often defined as a trauma induced alteration in mental status that may or may not involve loss of consciousness (Leclerc 2). Concussions can be sorted into three grades. The least serious is a grade one or mild concussion; this type of concussion occurs when there is no loss of consciousness and the posttraumatic amnesia is less than thirty minutes. The second grade of concussion is a grade two... ...?† Chronicle of Higher Education. Vol. 48.12, p.17. 16 November 2001. Academic Search Premier. EBSCOhost. Moore, Anne. â€Å"Riddell tackling school market; Helmet design aims to lessen concussions. Crain’s Chicago Business. 5 August 2002. Gen’l Reference Ctr Gold. Infotrac. Potter, Douglass. â€Å"Effects of closed head injury on cognitive function.† University of Dundee Research Projects. 28 February 2003. . Roos, Robert. â€Å"Guidelines for Managing Concussion in Sports: A Persistent Headache.† The Physician and Sports Medicine. Date of visit unknown. . Schnirring, Lisa. â€Å"How Effective is Computerized Concussion Management?† Physician and Sportsmedicine. Vol. 29.8, p. 11. August 2001. Academic Search Premier. EBSCOhost.

New Perspectives :: Personal Narratives Writing Education Essays

New Perspectives This is the first essay that I wrote for class. I was extremely nervous writing my first "college paper" but I ended up enjoying it very much. Although my writing skills and technique are a little unorganized and choppy, I can honestly say that this paper was the one that I most challenged myself creatively. It was pretty hard putting such awesome experiences into mere words, but I did my best. The paper obviously shows my writing level at the beginning of the class, but has been my favorite paper to write. Self- Evaluation I really enjoyed writing this paper because I love the topic. I try to re-live each event in my description and make it easier for the reader to relate to. I think the strengths of my paper would probably be my introduction and description. I don’t think I’m a very strong writer, so I had problems with organizing my ideas and writing my conclusion. If I had more time to write the paper, I would try to add more events that happened, and how to those events changed me. I think that would better support my thesis, and make a more interesting and developed paper. New Perspectives I am sitting straight up in my seat as the Jeep jostles down a bombed out city street. Dust flies as Aaron shifts into fifth gear and fumbles with his Nokia, trying to take a picture. My aunt is grasping the dash and frantically looking behind her shoulder. Soldiers in olive green uniforms are yelling at us in Turkish and trying to catch up. My Uncle is too fast and we duck into an alley, out of sight. We sit in stunned silence for about thirty seconds, and then burst out laughing. My Aunt Rikki, her fiancà © Aaron, and I had spent that spring day of 2001 on the Turkish side of the island of Cyprus. We had been attempting to take pictures of the ghost inner city of Famagusta. Famagusta had been off limits by the Turkish government since the 1974 invasion. What resulted was the exhilarating chase I just described. The drama of the story is exaggerated.

Diversity management programs Essay

Diversity in the workplace is an important aspect of the workplace, which if not followed, could lead to a society that doesn’t have respect for different cultures. It is important to develop diversity management programs, were aspects of diversity such as religion, different cultures due to outsourcing, age, women and single parents, disabled team members, flexible work hours, are discussed which will lead to redesigning jobs to better fit the individual. When developing a conceptual framework for such programs to be implemented, it is important to view how lack of diversity in the workplace has affected other countries around the world besides America. According to Begum (2005), social care organizations in the United Kingdom are affected greatly by lack of diversity amongst there staff. Information, in the United Kingdom, is not distributed fairly to the population, is distributed on a socio economic basis. It is important for social care organizations to become diverse in their workforce, if they are to embody the essence of the communities that they serve. Studies have indicated that gender and culture diversity create barriers to effective interactions and hinder employee performance (Managerial Issues, 2000). When outlining a possible course of action to take when implementing diversity management programs within employee workforces, we could include information on how lack of diversity in the workplace has affected countries like the United Kingdom. People tend to feel more comfortable working in groups with people who share their ideals and beliefs, which is something I think we are all guilty of at times. I think it is important when outlining the possible courses of action to take when implementing diversity management programs, that employees share their different ideals and beliefs in an open environment. I think that employees sharing their different ideals and beliefs help the workforce grow, and the company they work for as well. Michael Bird (2007), a college professor at De Vry University in South Florida, has implemented a diversity management program in which he has developed a five step program in order to ensure that his team succeeds. Michael’s five step program required, these students to one, understand and define diversity, to understand the organization’s value and necessities, effectively manage the resistance towards, evaluate our overall team’s performance, and last of all use the experiences shared to improve or groups management techniques. Flex management should be implemented in order to ensure that people feel like they are assets to the company, and are taken care of properly. During the development of a conceptual framework for a diversity management program, teambuilding exercises have proven to be the most effective. It is important for the employees to have different cultural backgrounds and different beliefs, in order that they may share those with the corporation in which they work. I think that when different cultures, different peoples with different ideas and beliefs, come together and share their ideas, truly inventive things can take place within the corporations they work in. America is a melting pot of different cultures and beliefs, which is what makes our country unique and truly produces unique individuals, tolerant of other people’s beliefs, with truly innovative ideas. One great way to go about instituting diversity management programs within the workplace would be to organize groups within the workplace that shared similar beliefs, and have them share their beliefs as a whole, and attempt to implement any new ideas obtained. The next step after instituting diversity management programs is to organize employees that share the same ideals, and discuss their shared ideals, and find common ground. In order for the employees participating in a diversity management group to share their ideas and implement them on a level on which they all agree, it is important that the employees learn to work together and respect each other’s ideals. With a proper management support, workers can have the proper training in order to train our employees to be more culturally sensitive. It is important that management is effective in their approach to dealing with culturally diverse issues. By training our employees and diversity management, they will benefit greatly. Although most of these successful companies the United States show’s significant efforts to include people with disabilities in a diverse workforce, there is still room for improvement. I hope that by implementing this diversity management program within the workplace, policies can be enforced specifying what is meant by diversity, in terms of race or gender, and also provide more information pertaining to those employees that have disabilities. With everybody’s help, we can be certain that we can implement this new diversity management program within the workplace, and that this program will be a success.

Breastfeeding in Public

Breastfeeding in Public: A Woman’s Right or Crime Women were born blessed with the ability to offer the most natural and beautiful act a mother can do for her child. Breastfeeding is a treasurable bond shared between mother and child. Controversy arises when nursing mothers choose to perform feedings in public areas. Select groups of people view breastfeeding in public places as indecent and offensive. It is to be determined if it is a women’s right to breastfeed her child anywhere she deems suitable. According to the medical dictionary, breastfeeding is defined as feeding a child human breast milk (â€Å"eMedicineHealth. om†). A lactating mother produces this milk. Lactation is the process of producing milk. Human milk is secreted by the mammary glands, which are located within the fatty tissue of the breast (â€Å"eMedicineHealth. com†). Mothers unable to produce adequate amounts of breast milk are in the minority. Most women begin to lactate before the birth process takes place. After a baby is born the mother is able to immediately begin nursing. The number of women that choose to breastfeed their children has begun to dwindle significantly over the decades. Is this because society as a whole has become lazy?Is it because breastfeeding does not have enough proven benefits over formula? Or is it because society does not approve of women breastfeeding in public, making it increasingly more difficult for nursing women to continue their lives after giving birth? It would be impossible for every individual in America to agree on any one subject. The topic of breastfeeding is not excluded. Advocates turn a cheek at the sight of a bare breast or smile in the beauty of the natural gift. Anti-breastfeeding individuals frown upon the sight due to morals, beliefs, and preference.The issue comes down to whether breastfeeding should or should not be allowed in public. Those who whole-heartedly believe in breast milks benefits support mothers being allowed to breastfeed in public places and those that disagree view breastfeeding as non-necessary, unimportant, and disturbing. Both of these groups not only include the average citizen on the street, but also the business owners of America. Breastfeeding mothers may have a need to feed their child in a park, airplane, retail store, grocery store, restaurant, and even one’s office.How do we deem areas as appropriate or inappropriate when babies rely on the breast of their mother for their nourishment? Should mothers be restrained to their holms until the breastfeeding has ceased? There must be solutions to these questions. The facts and myths of breastfeeding need to be clear and known by the citizens of America. Mothers around the world make the decision everyday to breastfeed or bottle-feed their newborn babies. The factors that help them in the decision making process are not always well-defined.Dying of Breast Cancer in the 1800sWomen must know the reality of the b eauty and harshness of breastfeeding. The ease of being able to carry on with their daily lives is a chief factor. Therefore breastfeeding in public must be contemplated. The practice of breastfeeding originated when the first woman gave birth to a baby. In earlier times, breastfeeding was the only source of food and nourishment for babies. What was a common practice has changed dramatically over the generations. In history breastfeeding was as necessary as going to the restroom. Human breast milk was the only food accessible for babies.It was, and still is in many poverty-based communities, crucial to breastfeed young children. According to Wikipedia Encyclopedia, before the 20th century breastfeeding was the most common form of nutrition used for infants (Wikipedia). Lactating women are not only crucial to their own children, but to offspring of others as well. These women are referred to as wet nurses. A wet nurse is a woman who breast-feeds and cares for another's child (â€Å" Wet Nurse†). It used to be fact that if a mother died then the child was left to die due to starvation.This is unless another lactating woman is able to assume the duties. Wet nurses are commissioned when a mother is unable or chooses not to nurse the child herself. In the case that other lactating women were not available, the motherless baby would perish. When necessary, a baby’s milk was substituted with the milk of an animal such as a goat or cow. In the 1800’s doctors, scientist, and other researchers began investigating what ingredients were indispensible in food mixes for babies to grow. In 1867, the first commercially available baby food was created by Justus von Liebig â€Å"breastfeeding-mom. com†). Following this development, various other kinds of baby formulas were made. Numerous women around the world began using these formulas in place of breastfeeding. Manufacturers promoted the use of baby formulas as a modern way to feed babies. By 1950, more than half of the babies in the USA were fed some form of baby formula (â€Å"breastfeeding-mom. com†). Trends began to change back in the 1970’s. Women felt the need to go back to the fundamentals of feeding their babies as done in history.Public pressure has urged health departments to recognize the significance of breastfeeding and encourage mothers to do so. There are now laws in place to protect the rights of a breastfeeding mother when feeding her child in public. A baby's need to eat cannot be determined by a set schedule. There are laws that make public breastfeeding legal and prohibit companies from banning it in the workplace. A United States House of Representatives appropriations bill with a breastfeeding amendment was signed into law on September 29, 1999 (â€Å"History and Culture of Breastfeeding†).It specified that no government funds may be expended to enforce any bar on women breastfeeding their children in Federal buildings or property. A majority of states have enacted state statutes specifically permitting the exposure of the female breast by women breastfeeding infants, or exempting such women from prosecution under applicable statutes, such as those regarding indecent exposure (â€Å"History and Culture of Breastfeeding†). Breastfeeding babies in public is legal in all 50 states. The controversy on breastfeeding in public has no true beginning.It would be impossible to determine who first opposed the act and when they did so. Though breastfeeding was essential in early history, there was bound to have been individuals who did not enjoy seeing the exposed breast of a nursing mother. As our society has evolved the issue has grown to be a larger dispute. Americans have begun to put expectations and standards on what is deemed apt to be viewed in public. Free speech is a right and morals are a personal preference. History proves that what was common and natural has ecome less and less so in the birth of new ge nerations. Breastfeeding played a big part in historical times by nourishing the men and women who grew to be the founding fathers and mothers of America. Todays leaders could have been breastfed or bottle-fed. Did Obama’s mother feed him human breast milk or formula? Does it really matter? The answer is no. The nourishment we are given as children determines our future health, but has no standing otherwise. Yet, it is our mothers’ choices on how we receive our nourishment.I am left to wonder if breastfeeding will diminish entirely in the future for the simple fact that the opinions of our fellow peers are beginning to determine much more than they should. Breastfeeding in public was accepted in history, but now it is frowned upon as much as divorce and tattoos. Our society may never return to making its own decisions and not having to worry about the feelings of those around us? It might be a blessing that there are many options available other than breastfeeding beca use options allow ease and freedom.With all the diseases and cancers striking women these days, options allow them to do everything from artificial insemination to adoption. The availability of options has the capability to cause unwanted stress. If breastfeeding in public grows to be a larger issue, what once was a natural given ability and blessing might become a mute subject. Therefor it must be determined if it is a woman’s right to breastfeed her child wherever vital or if it is a crime to breastfeed in public areas. In the beginning it was the only option. Today it is one of many. Actions will decide what it will be tomorrow.Breastfeeding has many benefits. In addition to being packed full of nutrients and vitamins, breast milk can help prevent and/or lower the risk of many illnesses for both mother and baby. Along with the protection against a long list of illnesses, breastfeeding can protect your baby from developing allergies, becoming obese, lower the risk of SIDS ( sudden infant death syndrome), and much more. It often reduces a mothers stress levels, chances of developing postpartum depression, and risks of acquiring some types of cancer. Breast milk is specifically customized and tailored to every baby.Your body responds to pathogens (virus and bacteria) that are in your body and makes secretory IgA that's specific to those pathogens, creating protection for your baby based on whatever you're exposed to (â€Å"babycenter. com†). Studies have been done that present findings showing that breastfeed boosts a child’s intelligence. In a study of more than 17,000 infants followed from birth to 6 1/2 years, researchers concluded from IQ scores and other intelligence tests that prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding significantly improves cognitive development (â€Å"babycenter. com†).Most importantly breastfeeding creates a special bond between a mother and a child. Dan Hurley, medical journalist, argues that breast fed babies a re at a much lower risk for developing type one diabetes. The author asserts that cows milk is the culprit due to it cultivating an attack on the immune systems that results in diabetes in the future. Hurley promotes his thesis by giving the results of both his own studies on rats and those of other experts. He claims that babies who are breast fed for at least 6 months before being introduced to cows milk have enough time to build up a strong enough immune system.Hurley directly connects diabetes to cows milk in order to promote breastfeeding infants and a decrease in the statistics on diabetes in the future. Like everything in life, where they are positives, there are bound to be negatives that come along with them. Breastfeeding brings on copious amounts of pain in a woman’s breast. The entire breast becomes sore, hard, and warm. Creams must be applied often to prevent cracking and bleeding. The secretion of milk is uncontrollable and often a nuisance. The amount of leakin g is different with every woman, yet never the less undesirable.Special pads must be worn at all times to prevent the obvious show of a woman’s leaking breast in public. When or if a mother returns to work or is away from her child for a length of time, she must use a breast pump to prepare milk for these absences. This requires her to pump on the baby’s normal feeding schedule. Breastfeeding also prevents a mother from drinking alcohol, smoking, and even taking certain medications. Some are completely against breastfeeding. Zoe Williams, British columnist and journalist, concludes that the benefits of breastfeeding are questionable and unproven.She faults the zealot advocates that see breastfeeding as the only option. Williams fosters her thesis be referencing many authorities on the lack of proven benefits of nursing. Her research is aimed towards the women considering other options besides breastfeeding. Williams stresses that there are an copious amounts of parents who love their children unconditionally without breastfeeding in order to challenge the orthodoxy of the breast being the best. Naomi Wolf, feminist author, implies that due to feminism placing women in the workforce there is no time for mothers to take breastfeeding as a serious option.The author blames the grueling work schedules of modern times to be the cause of the reduction in nursing mothers. Wolf supports her thesis by citing case studies, using examples, and telling of her own personal experience. She suggests that stay-at-home mothers are more inclined to breastfeed their children. Wolf relates nursing to be a drug of choice in order to convince readers that most mothers choose to breastfeed for the natural high and not for the benefits. Mothers who choose to breastfeed feel the positive effects out weigh the negative aspects of breastfeeding.So if they are strong enough to endure the pain and irritations that breastfeeding brings them, they certainly take their job as a mother as a high priority. These women should be praised and not frowned upon. They made the ultimate decision to nourish their children with the milk the naturally produce; which does not make them the out casts of our society. These women have lives just as the rest of us do. If they choose to put their life on hold to nurse their children, it should be a reminder as to how important life is.This is the main reason breastfeeding should be condoned in public and not shunned. Life is a beautiful thing and the women who give birth to life and choose to continue their lives with having a child that is dependent on them in such a major way are a strong and powerful part of our society. We are accepting of the victoria secret models on TV who are half naked. Why are we not acceptable of the average mother who exposes her naked breast to feed her own child? I propose we help promote breastfeeding in public.If the stamp of approval is given to the models in lingerie that appear in TV comm ercials, magazines, and ads on billboards, we must give nursing mothers the same. Our children have the opportunity to see much more vulgar images at home and in public. Therefore why are the women with the important job of nurturing their offspring with their own natural ability being asked to leave public places if they attempt to breastfeed? In many eyes, including mine, it is hypocritical and a crying shame. These strong women deserve respect for what they are doing.The looks of disgust by the lack of understanding from those uninformed cannot cause such a amazing gift to be any more of a hard task than it already is. America is not accurately informed or equipped with the information and utilities for nursing mothers. My proposal is that business’ open to the public and those with employees of the female gender designate private areas for breastfeeding or provide disposable drapes for the mothers not already equipped with such. The intent is that mothers not feel like th e elephant in the room while nursing their children.This proposal would allow business’ to either utilize pre-existing space that is not being used or create a comfortable area for mother and baby to sit and feed that is out of the public eye. Many business’ already have this plan in effect, therefore the second part of my proposal is that stations be placed in parks, malls, places of business, and etc. that contain disposable drapes that mothers may place over themselves while their bare breast is exposed. In the case of business’ designating areas for nursing to take place, the cost could be minimal by using existing rooms.These rooms could be an extra janitor closet or office that is enhanced with a chair or sofa, small table, diaper changing station, and possibly a sink. Another area might be a section of a bathroom. With an adequate chair, most bathrooms would be sufficient for breastfeeding. The other part of my proposal involving the drapery stations migh t be easier on mothers, yet more costly. I believe our government could afford to place these stations in public areas around our cities. The drapes being disposable would allow them to be made out of cheap material.Many public parks already have stations such as these for our pets. Restaurants could supply the drapes just as they do plastic bibs for children. In conclusion, I strongly believe breastfeeding is not vital, yet it is a great source of nutrition for babies. After giving birth to my daughter in December of 2011 I made the decision to breastfeed her. Though it was not always fun, I enjoyed having someone so dependent upon me. A week after she was born I had to return to school to take my first college finals. Somehow I made it through it, but it wasn’t long before the spring semester was going to be in session.I was going to have to return to work to support us, stay in school to better our future, and manage to be the best parent possible. The day before my first spring class I made the decision that it would be near impossible to pump enough milk in the 15 minutes between classes while walking from building to building. I knew that the looks I would receive from students if I exposed myself on a bench outside Patterson Hall would be not be ones of approval. Let alone I am quite certain that the University of Memphis would promote me doing so.I considered informing my teachers that I would not be on time to class each day and explain why, but opted out. After researching this paper, I feel remorseful that I did not continue to breastfeed. She is a winter baby and is in and out of the hospital with RSV quite often. I have to ask myself if her receiving my breast milk instead of formula could have prevented this. Though I will never have the answer I vow that I will breastfeed my next child despite any circumstances. My hope is that by then there will be more adequate resources for me to do so.Odds are I will be out of school by the time this occurs, but many moms will not be. The University most likely does not wish to promote girls having children at early ages, yet it is being an epidemic. My last proposal is that women on campus that wish to breastfeed be provided with support by the faculty and staff. This would entail a special spot on campus in such a place like the University Center be designated for nursing mothers and more leniency on tardiness to class. A doctor note should be provided and kept on file. Breastfeeding in public should not be the issue that it is.Maybe formula is just as sufficient, but facts have shown that breast milk is an outstanding resource for babies to be provided. If a mother is capable and willing, it is not the right of anyone else to discriminate. Breastfeeding is not a crime. It is the right given to every woman and a blessing to babies across the world. Works Cited â€Å"Breastfeeding Glossary of Terms. † eMedicineHealth. com. WebMD, n. d. Web. 22 November 2012. â€Å"brest feeding-mom. com. † brestfeeding-mom. com. (2012): n. page. Web. 8 Nov. 2012. . â€Å"Definition of Breastfeeding . † eMedicineHealth. com. WebMD, 27 2011.Web. 22 November 2012. . â€Å"History and Culture of Breastfeeding. † Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. . â€Å"How breastfeeding benefits you and your baby. † babycenter. com. BabyCenter, L. L. C. , n. d. Web. 1 December 2012. . Hurley, Dan. Diabetes Rising. New York: Kaplan Publishing, 2010. 109-126. Print. â€Å"Wet Nurse. † Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. . Wikipedia contributors. â€Å"Breastfeeding. † Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. . Williams, Zoe. â€Å"The Guardian. † Guardian. (2012): n. page. Web. 15 Oct. 2012. . Wolf, Naomi. Misconceptions. 1st ed. New York: Doubleday, 2001. 266-297. Print. Breastfeeding in Public Breastfeeding in Public: A Woman’s Right or Crime Women were born blessed with the ability to offer the most natural and beautiful act a mother can do for her child. Breastfeeding is a treasurable bond shared between mother and child. Controversy arises when nursing mothers choose to perform feedings in public areas. Select groups of people view breastfeeding in public places as indecent and offensive. It is to be determined if it is a women’s right to breastfeed her child anywhere she deems suitable. According to the medical dictionary, breastfeeding is defined as feeding a child human breast milk (â€Å"eMedicineHealth. om†). A lactating mother produces this milk. Lactation is the process of producing milk. Human milk is secreted by the mammary glands, which are located within the fatty tissue of the breast (â€Å"eMedicineHealth. com†). Mothers unable to produce adequate amounts of breast milk are in the minority. Most women begin to lactate before the birth process takes place. After a baby is born the mother is able to immediately begin nursing. The number of women that choose to breastfeed their children has begun to dwindle significantly over the decades. Is this because society as a whole has become lazy?Is it because breastfeeding does not have enough proven benefits over formula? Or is it because society does not approve of women breastfeeding in public, making it increasingly more difficult for nursing women to continue their lives after giving birth? It would be impossible for every individual in America to agree on any one subject. The topic of breastfeeding is not excluded. Advocates turn a cheek at the sight of a bare breast or smile in the beauty of the natural gift. Anti-breastfeeding individuals frown upon the sight due to morals, beliefs, and preference.The issue comes down to whether breastfeeding should or should not be allowed in public. Those who whole-heartedly believe in breast milks benefits support mothers being allowed to breastfeed in public places and those that disagree view breastfeeding as non-necessary, unimportant, and disturbing. Both of these groups not only include the average citizen on the street, but also the business owners of America. Breastfeeding mothers may have a need to feed their child in a park, airplane, retail store, grocery store, restaurant, and even one’s office.How do we deem areas as appropriate or inappropriate when babies rely on the breast of their mother for their nourishment? Should mothers be restrained to their holms until the breastfeeding has ceased? There must be solutions to these questions. The facts and myths of breastfeeding need to be clear and known by the citizens of America. Mothers around the world make the decision everyday to breastfeed or bottle-feed their newborn babies. The factors that help them in the decision making process are not always well-defined.Dying of Breast Cancer in the 1800sWomen must know the reality of the b eauty and harshness of breastfeeding. The ease of being able to carry on with their daily lives is a chief factor. Therefore breastfeeding in public must be contemplated. The practice of breastfeeding originated when the first woman gave birth to a baby. In earlier times, breastfeeding was the only source of food and nourishment for babies. What was a common practice has changed dramatically over the generations. In history breastfeeding was as necessary as going to the restroom. Human breast milk was the only food accessible for babies.It was, and still is in many poverty-based communities, crucial to breastfeed young children. According to Wikipedia Encyclopedia, before the 20th century breastfeeding was the most common form of nutrition used for infants (Wikipedia). Lactating women are not only crucial to their own children, but to offspring of others as well. These women are referred to as wet nurses. A wet nurse is a woman who breast-feeds and cares for another's child (â€Å" Wet Nurse†). It used to be fact that if a mother died then the child was left to die due to starvation.This is unless another lactating woman is able to assume the duties. Wet nurses are commissioned when a mother is unable or chooses not to nurse the child herself. In the case that other lactating women were not available, the motherless baby would perish. When necessary, a baby’s milk was substituted with the milk of an animal such as a goat or cow. In the 1800’s doctors, scientist, and other researchers began investigating what ingredients were indispensible in food mixes for babies to grow. In 1867, the first commercially available baby food was created by Justus von Liebig â€Å"breastfeeding-mom. com†). Following this development, various other kinds of baby formulas were made. Numerous women around the world began using these formulas in place of breastfeeding. Manufacturers promoted the use of baby formulas as a modern way to feed babies. By 1950, more than half of the babies in the USA were fed some form of baby formula (â€Å"breastfeeding-mom. com†). Trends began to change back in the 1970’s. Women felt the need to go back to the fundamentals of feeding their babies as done in history.Public pressure has urged health departments to recognize the significance of breastfeeding and encourage mothers to do so. There are now laws in place to protect the rights of a breastfeeding mother when feeding her child in public. A baby's need to eat cannot be determined by a set schedule. There are laws that make public breastfeeding legal and prohibit companies from banning it in the workplace. A United States House of Representatives appropriations bill with a breastfeeding amendment was signed into law on September 29, 1999 (â€Å"History and Culture of Breastfeeding†).It specified that no government funds may be expended to enforce any bar on women breastfeeding their children in Federal buildings or property. A majority of states have enacted state statutes specifically permitting the exposure of the female breast by women breastfeeding infants, or exempting such women from prosecution under applicable statutes, such as those regarding indecent exposure (â€Å"History and Culture of Breastfeeding†). Breastfeeding babies in public is legal in all 50 states. The controversy on breastfeeding in public has no true beginning.It would be impossible to determine who first opposed the act and when they did so. Though breastfeeding was essential in early history, there was bound to have been individuals who did not enjoy seeing the exposed breast of a nursing mother. As our society has evolved the issue has grown to be a larger dispute. Americans have begun to put expectations and standards on what is deemed apt to be viewed in public. Free speech is a right and morals are a personal preference. History proves that what was common and natural has ecome less and less so in the birth of new ge nerations. Breastfeeding played a big part in historical times by nourishing the men and women who grew to be the founding fathers and mothers of America. Todays leaders could have been breastfed or bottle-fed. Did Obama’s mother feed him human breast milk or formula? Does it really matter? The answer is no. The nourishment we are given as children determines our future health, but has no standing otherwise. Yet, it is our mothers’ choices on how we receive our nourishment.I am left to wonder if breastfeeding will diminish entirely in the future for the simple fact that the opinions of our fellow peers are beginning to determine much more than they should. Breastfeeding in public was accepted in history, but now it is frowned upon as much as divorce and tattoos. Our society may never return to making its own decisions and not having to worry about the feelings of those around us? It might be a blessing that there are many options available other than breastfeeding beca use options allow ease and freedom.With all the diseases and cancers striking women these days, options allow them to do everything from artificial insemination to adoption. The availability of options has the capability to cause unwanted stress. If breastfeeding in public grows to be a larger issue, what once was a natural given ability and blessing might become a mute subject. Therefor it must be determined if it is a woman’s right to breastfeed her child wherever vital or if it is a crime to breastfeed in public areas. In the beginning it was the only option. Today it is one of many. Actions will decide what it will be tomorrow.Breastfeeding has many benefits. In addition to being packed full of nutrients and vitamins, breast milk can help prevent and/or lower the risk of many illnesses for both mother and baby. Along with the protection against a long list of illnesses, breastfeeding can protect your baby from developing allergies, becoming obese, lower the risk of SIDS ( sudden infant death syndrome), and much more. It often reduces a mothers stress levels, chances of developing postpartum depression, and risks of acquiring some types of cancer. Breast milk is specifically customized and tailored to every baby.Your body responds to pathogens (virus and bacteria) that are in your body and makes secretory IgA that's specific to those pathogens, creating protection for your baby based on whatever you're exposed to (â€Å"babycenter. com†). Studies have been done that present findings showing that breastfeed boosts a child’s intelligence. In a study of more than 17,000 infants followed from birth to 6 1/2 years, researchers concluded from IQ scores and other intelligence tests that prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding significantly improves cognitive development (â€Å"babycenter. com†).Most importantly breastfeeding creates a special bond between a mother and a child. Dan Hurley, medical journalist, argues that breast fed babies a re at a much lower risk for developing type one diabetes. The author asserts that cows milk is the culprit due to it cultivating an attack on the immune systems that results in diabetes in the future. Hurley promotes his thesis by giving the results of both his own studies on rats and those of other experts. He claims that babies who are breast fed for at least 6 months before being introduced to cows milk have enough time to build up a strong enough immune system.Hurley directly connects diabetes to cows milk in order to promote breastfeeding infants and a decrease in the statistics on diabetes in the future. Like everything in life, where they are positives, there are bound to be negatives that come along with them. Breastfeeding brings on copious amounts of pain in a woman’s breast. The entire breast becomes sore, hard, and warm. Creams must be applied often to prevent cracking and bleeding. The secretion of milk is uncontrollable and often a nuisance. The amount of leakin g is different with every woman, yet never the less undesirable.Special pads must be worn at all times to prevent the obvious show of a woman’s leaking breast in public. When or if a mother returns to work or is away from her child for a length of time, she must use a breast pump to prepare milk for these absences. This requires her to pump on the baby’s normal feeding schedule. Breastfeeding also prevents a mother from drinking alcohol, smoking, and even taking certain medications. Some are completely against breastfeeding. Zoe Williams, British columnist and journalist, concludes that the benefits of breastfeeding are questionable and unproven.She faults the zealot advocates that see breastfeeding as the only option. Williams fosters her thesis be referencing many authorities on the lack of proven benefits of nursing. Her research is aimed towards the women considering other options besides breastfeeding. Williams stresses that there are an copious amounts of parents who love their children unconditionally without breastfeeding in order to challenge the orthodoxy of the breast being the best. Naomi Wolf, feminist author, implies that due to feminism placing women in the workforce there is no time for mothers to take breastfeeding as a serious option.The author blames the grueling work schedules of modern times to be the cause of the reduction in nursing mothers. Wolf supports her thesis by citing case studies, using examples, and telling of her own personal experience. She suggests that stay-at-home mothers are more inclined to breastfeed their children. Wolf relates nursing to be a drug of choice in order to convince readers that most mothers choose to breastfeed for the natural high and not for the benefits. Mothers who choose to breastfeed feel the positive effects out weigh the negative aspects of breastfeeding.So if they are strong enough to endure the pain and irritations that breastfeeding brings them, they certainly take their job as a mother as a high priority. These women should be praised and not frowned upon. They made the ultimate decision to nourish their children with the milk the naturally produce; which does not make them the out casts of our society. These women have lives just as the rest of us do. If they choose to put their life on hold to nurse their children, it should be a reminder as to how important life is.This is the main reason breastfeeding should be condoned in public and not shunned. Life is a beautiful thing and the women who give birth to life and choose to continue their lives with having a child that is dependent on them in such a major way are a strong and powerful part of our society. We are accepting of the victoria secret models on TV who are half naked. Why are we not acceptable of the average mother who exposes her naked breast to feed her own child? I propose we help promote breastfeeding in public.If the stamp of approval is given to the models in lingerie that appear in TV comm ercials, magazines, and ads on billboards, we must give nursing mothers the same. Our children have the opportunity to see much more vulgar images at home and in public. Therefore why are the women with the important job of nurturing their offspring with their own natural ability being asked to leave public places if they attempt to breastfeed? In many eyes, including mine, it is hypocritical and a crying shame. These strong women deserve respect for what they are doing.The looks of disgust by the lack of understanding from those uninformed cannot cause such a amazing gift to be any more of a hard task than it already is. America is not accurately informed or equipped with the information and utilities for nursing mothers. My proposal is that business’ open to the public and those with employees of the female gender designate private areas for breastfeeding or provide disposable drapes for the mothers not already equipped with such. The intent is that mothers not feel like th e elephant in the room while nursing their children.This proposal would allow business’ to either utilize pre-existing space that is not being used or create a comfortable area for mother and baby to sit and feed that is out of the public eye. Many business’ already have this plan in effect, therefore the second part of my proposal is that stations be placed in parks, malls, places of business, and etc. that contain disposable drapes that mothers may place over themselves while their bare breast is exposed. In the case of business’ designating areas for nursing to take place, the cost could be minimal by using existing rooms.These rooms could be an extra janitor closet or office that is enhanced with a chair or sofa, small table, diaper changing station, and possibly a sink. Another area might be a section of a bathroom. With an adequate chair, most bathrooms would be sufficient for breastfeeding. The other part of my proposal involving the drapery stations migh t be easier on mothers, yet more costly. I believe our government could afford to place these stations in public areas around our cities. The drapes being disposable would allow them to be made out of cheap material.Many public parks already have stations such as these for our pets. Restaurants could supply the drapes just as they do plastic bibs for children. In conclusion, I strongly believe breastfeeding is not vital, yet it is a great source of nutrition for babies. After giving birth to my daughter in December of 2011 I made the decision to breastfeed her. Though it was not always fun, I enjoyed having someone so dependent upon me. A week after she was born I had to return to school to take my first college finals. Somehow I made it through it, but it wasn’t long before the spring semester was going to be in session.I was going to have to return to work to support us, stay in school to better our future, and manage to be the best parent possible. The day before my first spring class I made the decision that it would be near impossible to pump enough milk in the 15 minutes between classes while walking from building to building. I knew that the looks I would receive from students if I exposed myself on a bench outside Patterson Hall would be not be ones of approval. Let alone I am quite certain that the University of Memphis would promote me doing so.I considered informing my teachers that I would not be on time to class each day and explain why, but opted out. After researching this paper, I feel remorseful that I did not continue to breastfeed. She is a winter baby and is in and out of the hospital with RSV quite often. I have to ask myself if her receiving my breast milk instead of formula could have prevented this. Though I will never have the answer I vow that I will breastfeed my next child despite any circumstances. My hope is that by then there will be more adequate resources for me to do so.Odds are I will be out of school by the time this occurs, but many moms will not be. The University most likely does not wish to promote girls having children at early ages, yet it is being an epidemic. My last proposal is that women on campus that wish to breastfeed be provided with support by the faculty and staff. This would entail a special spot on campus in such a place like the University Center be designated for nursing mothers and more leniency on tardiness to class. A doctor note should be provided and kept on file. Breastfeeding in public should not be the issue that it is.Maybe formula is just as sufficient, but facts have shown that breast milk is an outstanding resource for babies to be provided. If a mother is capable and willing, it is not the right of anyone else to discriminate. Breastfeeding is not a crime. It is the right given to every woman and a blessing to babies across the world. Works Cited â€Å"Breastfeeding Glossary of Terms. † eMedicineHealth. com. WebMD, n. d. Web. 22 November 2012. â€Å"brest feeding-mom. com. † brestfeeding-mom. com. (2012): n. page. Web. 8 Nov. 2012. . â€Å"Definition of Breastfeeding . † eMedicineHealth. com. WebMD, 27 2011.Web. 22 November 2012. . â€Å"History and Culture of Breastfeeding. † Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. . â€Å"How breastfeeding benefits you and your baby. † babycenter. com. BabyCenter, L. L. C. , n. d. Web. 1 December 2012. . Hurley, Dan. Diabetes Rising. New York: Kaplan Publishing, 2010. 109-126. Print. â€Å"Wet Nurse. † Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. . Wikipedia contributors. â€Å"Breastfeeding. † Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. . Williams, Zoe. â€Å"The Guardian. † Guardian. (2012): n. page. Web. 15 Oct. 2012. . Wolf, Naomi. Misconceptions. 1st ed. New York: Doubleday, 2001. 266-297. Print.