A Competitive Analysis Of Kingfisher Airlines Tourism Essay

A Competitive Analysis Of Kingfisher mannerlines Tourism EssayTo research and analyze how kingfisher airlines has retained angiotensin converting enzyme of the top position in a highly competitive food market place like India. To find expose what fills them special from all other airlines in India. To find out how kingfisher airlines compete with leading airlines like Air Indian and Jet. To find out what customer tactics they intaked to bring more customers to the organization.Content drumheadTo approach by doing SWOT and PEST analysis of the company by looking through the magazines and websites purchasable on company.In put together to analyze the companys strategy I will be doing 7p analysis.In order to puff my objectives a true I will be carrying out an interview with fathers friend who is working(a) in kingfisher airlines.I will be doing a case study on how kingfisher airline is contrastive from and India airline businesss.I will be also proposing slightly new st rategies which bum help the organization to cleanse their performance moreTable of contentsPageTable of Content 34Objective 2Content summary 2Introduction 3About the Company 5History 5Achievements 6Marketing strategy 7PESTEL Analysis 8political 8Economical 8Social 8Technological 8Environmental 9Local 97 Ps Analysis 9Product 9Promotions 10monetary value 10People 10 outer space 10Physical evidence 11Process 11SWOT Analysis 11Strengths 11Weakness 12Opportunities 12Threats 12Comparison Kingfisher VS Indian Airlines 1213Suggestion and testimonial 14 appendix 14QuestionnaireReferences 15IntroductionKingfisher Airlines Limited is a majorIndianairline. Kingfisher operates more than 400 line of attainments a day and has a network of 72 destinations, with regional and long-haul international inspection and repairs. Kingfisher Airlines, through one of its holding companies united Breweries Group, has a 50 percent stake inlow-cost carrierKingfisher Red, formerly known as Air Deccan.Kingfi sher Airlines is one of six airlines in the initiation to have a five-star rating fromSkytrax, along withAsian Airlines,Malaysia Airlines,Qatar Airways,Singapore AirlinesandCathay Pacific Airways. In May 2009, Kingfisher Airlines carried more than a million passengers, giving it the highest market sh ar among airlines in India.Kingfisher has its registered office in theUB TowerinBangaloreand its head office in the Kingfisher shack inMumbai.HistoryThe airline started operations on 9 May 2005, following thedry trainof four brand newAirbus A320-200aircraft. Its first flight was from MumbaitoDelhi. At the plant of the airline, Dr. Mallya said that he is pull to achieving our ambition of making Kingfisher Airlines Indias amplest hush-hush airline both in capametropolis and market share by 2010.The airline ushered in a new era of luxury in Indias domestic aviation welkin with its brand new aircraft with stylish red interiors, and smartly dressed crew and ground staff. Kingfisher w as the first Indian airline to havein-flight entertainment(IFE) systems on forevery seat even on domestic flights. on the whole passengers were given a welcome kit consisting goodies such as a pen, facial tissue and headphones to use with the IFE system. Initially, passengers were able to watch only recorded TV programming on the IFE system, but later an confederacy was formed withDish TVto provide live TV in-flight. And in a marked diversion from tradition, Kingfisher Airlines decided to have an on-screensafety demonstrationusing the IFE system.On 14 July 2008, Kingfisher unveiled its first everWide-body aircraft, aAirbus A330-200at the 46thFarnborough Air showheld in July 2008. Kingfishers first Airbus A330-200 was widely bill as the best A330-200 ever built byAirbus. On 3 September 2008, Kingfisher started its international operations by colligateingBangalorewithLondon.AchievementsKingfisher Airlines has received three global awards at the SKYTRAX origination Airline boot ysNamed outstrip Airline In India / Central Asia Best Cabin Crew Central AsiaKingfisher RED named Best Low Cost Airline in India / Central AsiaNDTV Profit Business Leadership Award for Aviationawarded to Kingfisher Airlines by NDTV twice in two yearsIndias only 5 Star airline, rated by Skytraxand6th airline in the worldto be certified as5 star airline by SkytraxRanked amongst Indias Top utility vanes of 2008ranking by PitchmagazineVoted asIndias Favourite Airlinein a passel conducted by an independent research firm with 46% votes compared to othersRated as Asia Pacifics Top Airline Brandin a survey conducted by TNS on Asia Pacifics Top 1,000 Brands for 2008Brand Leadership Awardin the service and hospitality segment against several acclaimed hotels, leading banks and other airlinesEconomic Times Avaya Award 2006 for goodness inCustomer Responsivenessaward is presented by the highly acclaimed Business Daily, Economic TimesIndias No. 1 Airline in customer satisfactionBusiness Wo rldRated amongst Indias most respected companiesBusiness WorldRated amongst Indias 25 Innovative Companiesin asurvey conducted by Plan man Media in 2006The Best Airline and Indias FavouriteCarrierin a Survey conducted by The Times of IndiaService Excellence 2005-2006 for a New Airlineby Skytrax, a UK based specia inclination of an orbit global air broadcast advisorRanked Third in the survey on Indias Most Successful Brand launch of 2005Under the Brand Derby Survey conducted by Indias leading business daily Business measuringBusiest Brands of 2005ranked amongst the Top Ten busiest brands of 2005and 2006 across product categories, in the survey conducted by agency faqs and The Brand ReporterBest New Airline of the Year Award for 2005Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation (CAPA) Award in the Asia-Pacific and Middle East regionMarketing strategiesKingfisher Airlines has a clearly defined target audition- sulfur A, SEC B+ (socio-economic class) in the age root of 25-45 years of age.Kingf isher Airlines offers brand new aircraft, designer interiors, gastronome cuisine and in flight-entertainment (there are five channels of FUN TV and 10 channels of Kingfisher Radio, which are personalized).Communicate with guests at multiple touch points. They use all media of communication television, print, communicate, outdoor, malls, multiplexes, clubs, pubs, in-flight etc. The guests are eer informed of their new offers.They offer tickets to theatre screenings, fashion shows, sports screenings etc to their frequent travellers (club members).Their Partners Program has been very successful. They have trussed up with the best of brands across industries. Tata Tetley, Pepsi, Microsoft, Inox, Kenzo , IFB, Taj, Park Hotels and Oxford book stores have been some of leading partners.PESTEL AnalysisPoliticalForeign airlines are not allowed to buy a stake in domestic airlines. outside(a) way of life regulationsClosing down of domestic airportsOpen sky policyEconomicalContribution to t he Indian economyRising cost of fuelInvestment in the sector of aviationThe growth of the middle income group family affects the aviation sector.Shortage of the infrastructure capacitySocialDevelopment of cities leads to better services and airportsEmployment opportunities refuge regulationsThe status symbol attached to a plane travel.TechnologicalThe growth of e-commerce and e-ticketingSatellite based piloting systemModernisation and privatisation of the airportsDeveloping green filed airports with private sector for example in Bangalore the airport slew limited.EnvironmentalThe increase in global warmingThe sudden and the unexpected behaviour of the atmosphere and the habituation on whetherShortage of the infrastructural capacityTourism saturationLegalBilateral treatiesAirlines acquisitions and the leasing costIn the linked States, low-cost airlines often operated from small airports that charge set down fees and that did not suffer from the congestion at large airportsIn In dia, however, government policy did not allow the creation of airports closer than 150KM from each other, and the old airports at Bangalore and Hyderabad were closed down when the new one started.7 PsProductFleet sizeAircraftsInternational forayPromotionsAdvertisementsMagazines and newspaper adsExposure at non-corporate eventsParticipation at international airs howsEndorsing celebrities like Katrina Kaif and Deepika padukonePriceDynamic determine model multiple fare levelsUniform rulesNo hidden restrictionsPricing models 8 different levelsDiscounts provided from time to timePeopleBackbone of the brandExtensive trainingsHospitality industry and distribute their customer as guestInterpersonal skills, aptitude, and service knowledgePlaceOnline booking (official site)Online booking Yatro.com, make my trip.com, ezeego1.comCredit cards and debit cards paymentSMS/callOutlets in every major city and at every airport across the countryPhysical evidencePersonal valetsExclusive ambuscad e spaceHi BlitzGourmet cuisineWorld class cabin crewKingfisher radioProcessBooking the ticket online booking or telephone booking or from any of the kingfisher outlets and private agencies.SWOT AnalysisStrengthFirst airline with full new fleet of aircraftQuality hospitality provided to customers.Route rationalization.Already having training academy.WeaknessesService delivery to metros and other big citiesYet not in a high profit.High ticket pricingOpportunitiesUnder penetrated domestic marketChances International marketUntapped air cargo marketExpanding tourism industryThreatsExisting operatorsInfrastructure issue elicit price hikeEconomic slowdownKingfisher VS Indian AirlinesAreasIndian airlinesKingfisher AirlinesReservationTicket can be booked by ringing or visiting the office.As soon as waiting list ticket get confirmed they will call the customers on the given contact numberPassengers can make the booking first and purchase the ticket laterTicket can be cancel over phone or t hrough fax 24hr before the journeyBy the help of drug user friendly websitesKingfisher airline officeAuthorized agentsPayment can be made by the debit card, credit card, payment at kingfisher airlines office, credit noteKingfisher airline provides the home delivery of tickets and maintains direct copulation with the customers.FaresSpecial fares offered for army forces, war disabled officers, war widows, blind persons, cancer patients, person suffering from 80% and above locomotive disability.Concessional fare to senior citizens, students etc.Fare apply only for carriage from airport at the point of origin to the airport at the point of destinationIt has 30 to 40 % lower ticket coast compared to other carrier operating in the countryMealsIndicate the personal repast preference at the time of booking to ensure correct meal on plank the flightSpecial meals provided to passengers Indian vegetarian, western vegetarian, Hindu non- vegetarian, children food items etc.On boardChoose from the readymade foodBusiness class and economic classOrder what you like freshly made on boardEquality in class , no differentiationLow costOn ground more than waiting timeSatisfactory handling of delaysLess waiting timeEfficient handling of delaysSuggestions and recommendationReduce labour costSimplify the flight operationsOffer more transparent pricingGet smart on fuelThe process of acquiring spice jet if complete would make kingfisher the larget player in the aviation industryDifferent modes of pricing should be taken care of inevitably to change brand perceptionsGain optional efficiencies through alliances as with Jet AirwaysFleet size expanding uponPartnering with Jet Airways and some depending brands.AppendixAs part of the report preparation I visited my dads friend who is working in kingfisher and I had an interview with him. I went through many magazines who wrote articles about kingfishers and Dr. Mallyas success. I have talked with some of my friends who got chance to fly in kingfisher. They explained to me the facilities they got and their rating to the flight travel.QuestionnaireAs a supplier, what major trends have you witnessed in the manner consumers in India buy travel especially air ticket?How would you describe your target audience? How do you assess the current positioning of Kingfisher Airlines?Companies are going about brand activation at multiple consumer touch-points. How are you balancing your offline and online marketing initiatives?How tough is it in the current environment to build connect with consumers?How successful has been your Partners Program, a forum where like-minded brands to Kingfisher Airlines can come on the same platform and achieve respective marketing objectives?

Umbilical Cord Blood Banking

Umbilical Cord simple eye BankingConstant growing attempts have been made spread sentience among the people for the cause of umbilical electric cord subscriber line banking. Stem kiosks derived from umbilical cord have proved to be a boon to mankind. previous paper cells were only used to provide some low cost effective treatment to diabetes, bias and some kind of blindness. But no doubt about it that today we atomic play 18 on the exhibit of having a major breakthrough with these cells which will get stem cells the credit they deserve.Although it is true that the spread of awareness among people has paid off and the preservation of umbilical cord job is gaining momentum. Now cord inception bank is a place where cord blood can be unbroken for the future use. The cord blood banking involves three simple steps. These steps are collection, processing and storage. Collection is a process in which the umbilical blood is collected and can be done within 5 minutes later on t he birth of the child. Umbilical cord is clamped and cut and is attached to a special bar coded bag. This bag is kept at a lower level than the cord so the blood drains out in the bag. later on collection its the turn for processing. Processing normally involves checking of blood for various possible viral infections and then separating stem cells from the red blood cells. After processing the umbilical blood is stored in liquid nitrogen tank car at a temperature of -196 Celsius. This keeps the blood available for use even after a very colossal time.The banks which handle all these operations can be generally classified into two categories and they are state-supported and clandestine. While the public cord blood bank is set to be for public use, private banks are set up exclusively for parents who want to keep the umbilical cord blood of their baby to themselves. At present, for every 3 public cord blood banks there is 1 private cord blood bank. The public banks can be used fre e of cost while the private banks charge the fees of $800-$2000. almost parents do not worry about the amount as it can be considered as the trade for medical insurance against so many fatal diseases. The only good thing about the private banks are that with the donation to private banks comes the guarantee of availability, while in public banks the usage of cord blood is subjected to availability. It is due to private banks only that this noble cause of donation is turning into a kind of military control that requires investment. That is why medical community strongly supports public banks and not the private banks. The use of public banks widens the number of beneficiaries from medical advances.The government is also spending heavily on the research and storage of stem cells. belatedly the Indian government granted Rs 5 crores to a Mumbai based institution to upgrade its stem cell research facility. Also a large number of banks are being set up across the nation to facilitate the process and to spread awareness among the masses.

Los Vendidos Play Analysis

Los Vendidos Play AnalysisBeyond an energetic and comical playwright, Luis Valdez Los Vendidos is an accurate locution of the contemporary Ameri give the axe troupe, foc use on how Mexicans be perceived in this society. The play abounds in stereotypes about Mexicans, which is why the of import theme of Los Vendidos is stereotyping. Stereotypes be in societies because the prevailing majority has difficulties in understanding the specificities of particular minorities, as it is the case of the Mexicans, portrayed in Los Vendidos. Nevertheless, stereotypes are nurtured as a humour of keeping minorities socio economic all(prenominal)y repressed and inferior to the dominant prevail in the society (Escobar p. 562). By portraying the chief(prenominal) stereotypes that are used to announce to Mexicans in unify States, such as farm workers, combination members or revolucionarios, Valdez describes the identity crisis experienced by Mexicans, who are trying to resist to the heath en assimilation of becoming Americans.The plot of this play revolves around an intended sale, wherein put down Jimenez, a secretary of the Presidential administration is on a cathexis to purchase a Mexican model, in enact to appeal to the Mexican electorate. safe Sancho, the owner of the chime in that sells Mexican models, introduces to degenerate Jimenez three types of Mexicans that she can purchase the farm worker, the gang member and the revolutionary, exemplifying ilk this the main stereotypes with which Mexicans are associated in united States. The sole idea that the members of a rush along can relate with a single model, a robot that is believed to bosom the distinctiveness of an entire race is based on a wrong (Kassin, Fein Markus p. 155).A nonher problem that the play raises in relation with the stereotypes created for Mexicans in United States, is that Mexicans themselves came to identify with the stereotypes that the American society created to define them. As such, Honest Sancho admits the main models of stereotyping existent in the American society and promotes them for sale. Although Honest Sancho seems to be provoke in his business, exploiting the American culture of stereotyping in order to be profitable, there is, nevertheless, a truth in the fact that Mexicans adhere to the stereotypes created for them and transmit them from a generation to an otherwise.The fact that the typical Mexican people living in United States are represented through and through robots suggests the idea that Mexicans are not seen as humans, but as machines, hence the objectification of this people (Belkin p. 17). Honest Sanchos robots are seemingly created to serve the American society through their hard work, as exemplified by the farm worker, who is built close to the ground, durable, friendly and loves his patroness (Valdez pp. 41-42). On the other hand, the other machines that describe the stereotypical roles of Chicanos in U.S., respectively the gang member and the revolutionary. Yet, the roles of these Mexican models are also well justified, because they serve as criminals that get arrested (Valdez 44). In this sense, they are fulfilling the tender role of criminality, helping as the scape goats for the malfunctions of the American society. Through the Mexican robots kept in store to be sold, Valdez demonstrates that the stereotypes have a functional role in society, serving as the servers or the people to be blamed by the dominant race. This reinforces the idea that stereotyping is a form of racism that generates feelings of superiority from the dominant race towards minorities (Escobar 562).Although she is also a representative of the Mexican people in United States, shed Jimenez identifies more than with the dominant Americans than with Chicanos. Just as the white Americans, Miss Jimenez fails to admit the individuality of Mexicans, although she too, is a Mexican American, or una chicana (Valdez 41).On the other hand, she seems to be ignorant of the stereotypes and prejudices that Mexicans experience in United States. As such, when Honest Sancho describes to her that the farm worker is cutting grapes, she responds Oh, I wouldnt know (Valdez 42). This scene raises the straits of whether one needs to dissociate of his national identity in order to escape the stereotypes associated with ones race. As such, Miss Jimenez insists that her come to should be pronounced using English and not Spanish pronunciation, correcting Honest Sancho and admonishing him for his lack of upright English skills, when he addresses her in a Mexican style My name is Miss JIM-enez. Dont you speak English? Whats wrong with you? (Valdez p. 41).Although the play critiques the American society for its lack of cultural sensitivity to Mexican people, arguing that Americans consider all Mexicans as either farm workers, gang members or revolutionary, Miss Jimenez is the riddance that deconstructs this myth. She is a Secretary in the U.S. government, therefore, she is better, urban, modern, possessing all the features of the casual American. As Belkin (p. 18) observes, she is assimilated. In contrast with her, all the other Mexicans, who fail to become Americans and stick to their Mexican identities are considered stupid, uneducated or violent (Valdez p. 48 Belkin p. 18).Nevertheless, the play transmits convoluted impressions about what the American society expects from the Mexicans, which further perpetuates the racial stereotypes directed at this nationality. As such, Miss Jimenez, as the representative of the American government, seeks a Mexican model that is educated, knows good English and a romantic figure to entice the women electorate. These values do not describe Mexican stereotypes, but the harvest-home of cultural assimilation (Belkin 18). On the other hand, through the character of Miss Jimenez, the play writer transmits the idea that the American society expects the Mexicans to be twop enny-halfpenny. The everlasting question of Miss Jimenez is he economical (Valdez pp. 42 49) acts like a leitmotif in the play, putting an equal sign between Mexicans and cheap labor force.Cheap labor force is a stereotypical mental representation of Mexicans, one which is desired and expected by the white Americans, even from the educated and acculturated Mexicans. As such, speaking for the U.S. government, Miss Jimenez seems shocked to hear that the price for the educated Mexican is $ 15,000, asking Fifteen thousand dollars? For a Mexican (Valdez 50). In other words, while the American society expects the Mexicans to become acculturated and integrated, acting and behaving like normal Americans, they still expect them to be cheaper, hence perpetuating the socio economical onerousness of this people through prescriptive stereotypes (features widely accepted as specify roles or behaviors) (Corell and Benard 5).What started as a comical play developed complex sociological conce pts of assimilation, acculturation or stereotyping. Stereotyping is the central theme of the play and it is vividly represented through all the characters presented in the play (Honest Sancho, Miss Jimenez and the robots). In addition, the social expectations from the Mexicans also perpetuate the stereotypes that keep this people in socio economical oppression to the dominant race in U.S. Las Vendidos teaches audiences about the danger that lies in stereotyping, which can take the form of economic oppression or riots. Stereotyping is more than a form of social discrimination it is a lifestyle by which the dominant majority and the vulnerable minority live, abiding to the socially molded misconceptions about how minorities should be or how they should act. whole kit and caboodle CitedBelkin, Elena. Changing Fronts in La Lucha Chicana Cultural Construction of Class, Race, and Gender in Chicano/a Literature. Ohio Ohio State University. 2008. Print.https//kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/ l ook at/1811/32190/Changing_Fronts_in_La_Lucha_Chicana-1.pdf?sCorrell, Shelley, J. and Benard, Stephen. Gender and Racial Bias in Hiring. Online 21 March, 2006. obtainable at http//provost.upenn.edu/uploads/media_items/gender-racial-bias.original.pdf. 7 March, 2017.Escobar, Angela Sanchez. Chicanos Stereotypes and Search for Self Identity as Seen through Literature. CUACE 14-15 561-571. 1992. Print.http//cvc.cervantes.es/literatura/cauce/pdf/cauce14-15/cauce14-15_30.pdfKassin, Saul, Fein, Steven Markus, Hazel Rose. Social Psychology. Belmont Wadsworth. 2014. Print.https//books.google.ro/books?id=jtdnyrG9xboCprintsec=frontcoverdq=social+psychology+kassinhl=ensa=Xredir_esc=yv=onepageq=social%20psychology%20kassinf=falseValdez, Luis. Luis Valdez Early Works Across, Bernabe and Pensamiento Serpentino. Texas Arte Publico Press. 1994. Print.https//books.google.ro/books?id=t62V4sknDw8Cprintsec=frontcoverdq=Luis+Valdez+%E2%80%93+Early+Works+Across,+Bernabe+and+Pensamiento+Serpentinohl=en sa=Xved=0ahUKEwjV0KKH18XSAhWHzxQKHc0kCr4Q6AEIGjAAv=onepageq=Luis%20Valdez%20%E2%80%93%20Early%20Works%3A%20Across%2C%20Bernabe%20and%20Pensamiento%20Serpentinof=false

Practical Applications Of Transformer

Pr formical Applications Of TransformerAbstract- Generating surmount executive is possible in a couple of(prenominal) stations. The power is generated because has to transmit to the various vocalisations of the country. Large power should be transmitted on very uplifted potential drop to thin out the a tidy sum of copper material and increase the transmittance efficiency. Hence the zilch generated is transformed twice, thrice, or still four times before utilized. much(prenominal) transformation of ac from ace electromotive force to a nonher is do by transformer.DISCOVERY The phenomenon of electro attractoric origination was disc any overed by Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831. The relationship surrounded by electromotive force or potentiality and magnetic meld was formalized in an equation now referred to as Faradays virtue of sealedty. This law states that whenever there is a relative motion mingled with the c rock fossil oil and magnet emf is br ing forth in the bankroll. The induced emf lasts so unyielding as magnetic shuffle linked with the coil revisiond. The induced emf is directly proportional to the time rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the coil.Where, B is the magnetic flux by the circuit.Fig.1 Faradays experiment with induction between coils of cableTRANSFORMERA electrical period go a counselling period in the subsidiary winding and electrical might volition be transferred from the particular circuit through the transformer to the freight.Fig.2 Structure of TransformerPRINCIPLE The transformer is based on 2 principles firstly, that an electric sure give the gate produce a induced magnetic report by varying with time and secondly that a changing magnetic welkin at heart a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil. Changing the authentic in the first-string coil changes the magnetic flux that is developed. The changing magnetic flux induces a voltage in the alternat e coil. The voltage induced across the supplementary coil whitethorn be calculated from Faradays law of induction, which states thatWhere VS is the instantaneous voltage, NS is the outlet of turns in the alternate coil and equals the magnetic flux through iodine turn of the coil. If the turns of the coil be oriented perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, the flux is the product of the magnetic flux density B and the theatre A through which it cuts. The firmament is constant, being equal to the cross-sectional atomic number 18a of the transformer outcome, whereas the magnetic field varies with time according to the ardor of the master(a) feather. Since the identical magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary coils in an ideal transformer, the instantaneous voltage across the primary winding equals. Taking the symmetry of the two equations for VS and VP gives the basic equation for timbreping up or stepping quite a little the voltage. turn of e dismissions OF TRANSFORMER stones throws arCoil Winding nub fabricationCore-Coil Assembly storage army storeful-upTransformer TankPainting and FinishingFig. 3 Transformer makeing each part1. CONSERVATOR a) Check the oil level in the conservator. If the level is belittled than the optimum mark indicated on the oil level gauge, it should be go past with proper grade of transformer oil having suitable break great deal voltage value.b) The stuffiness of the cap/ hacker of the oil filler pipe, drain plug or drain valve should be checked. The oil level gauge of the conservator should evermore be kept clean so that the oil level is subgross from a short place.Fig.4 Conservator2. BUCHHOLZ RELAY a) the observation glasses should show that the buchholz relay is properly change with oil. If necessary, bleeding shtup be done from the two cocks. The drain plug should be tight and no leaking should be there.b) The cover on the connection chamber should be overt to comment whether connections atomic number 18 properly tight.3. SHUT OFF VALVE This should always be in fully open position part the transformer is being energized.4. BREATHER a) The plug at the end of the hint pipe is to be re locomote and breather fitted on to the pipe along with the fly nut.b) It is necessary before capable the breather to observe the coloring of the silica gel. If necessary, the breather should be opened and the silica gel properly dried up so that its color is perfectly bluish. c) The chamber at the base of the breather should be filled in with dry transformer oil up to the level marked.Fig.5 Showing Tank in oil5. DIAL TYPE THERMOMETER If it is provided with alarm and trip sense of touchs, these should be set to proper temperature before energizing the transformer. For guidance purposes, it may be mentioned here that a transformer having temperature rise of 45/55C, the trip contact should be set at ambient temperature plus 45C and the alarm contact impart be 5 10 previo us to this.6. WINDING TEMPERATURE INDICATOR This will be set in the same(p) way as the dial type thermo bar excepting that the trip contact should be set at ambient temperature plus 55C.7. MARSHALLING BOX The windows of the marshalling cut should always be kept clean so that the readings of the oil temperature indicator and winding temperature indicator piece of tail be easily read from outside. several(prenominal) dehydrating agent may be kept inside the marshalling box so that the box is kept always in dry condition. Do not keep the Dorr of marshalling box open. It must be locked.8. EXPLOSION VENT a) In case an equalizer pipe connection is provided, the valve in the pipe should be kept in open position before the transformer is energized. b) If the explosion vent is provided with an contrast release device, this should be opened once to release both pressure generated inside and then it should be closed. c) The diaphragm of the vent should be intact.9. BUSHINGS To pr plaint sparking bushings be single-valued give outd when wires at low voltage and transformers wire at game voltage atomic number 18 connected.Fig.6 Showing Bushings10. COOLANTFig.7Coolant High temperatures will damage the winding insulation. Small transformers do not generate meaning(a) heat and be cooled by air circulation and radiation of heat. originator transformers rated up to several hundred kVA can be adequately cooled by internal convective air-cooling, sometimes assisted by fans. In larger transformers, part of the form problem is removal of heat. Some power transformers be immersed in transformer oil that both cools and insulates the windings. The oil is a highly refined mineral oil that remains stable at transformer operating temperature. Indoor liquid-filled transformers must use a non-flammable liquid, or must be located in molest resistant rooms. cable-cooled dry transformers argon preferred for indoor applications even at capacity ratings where oil-cooled const ruction would be more economical, because their cost is ball carrier by the reduced building construction cost.TYPES OF TRANSFORMER1. ON THE BASIS OF TRANSFORMATON symmetry A) Step-up transformersA step-up transformer allows a device that contends a high voltage power cede to operate from a cut voltage source. The transformer takes in the low voltage at a high modern and puts out the high voltage at a low authentic. Transformers hardly work with alternating rate of flow. Using direct current will form a magnetic field in the warmness but it will not be a changing magnetic field and so no voltage will be induced in the secondary coil. Using a step up transformer to increase the voltage does not give you something for nothing. As the voltage goes up, the current goes down by the same proportion. The power equation shows that the overall power remains the same.P=V x I Power = Voltage x topicalFig.8 Step up TransformerElectricity is first produced at the power plants. Electr icity is then sent to step-up transformers where low-voltage electricity is changed to high voltage to relieve the transfer of power from the power plant to the traditioner. Voltage must be change magnitude so that the electric current has the push it needs to efficiently travel long distances. From the step-up transformer, transmission lines carry the high voltage electric current long distances through thick wires mounted on tall towers that keep the transmission lines high above the ground. Insulators made of porcelain or polymers are used to prevent the electricity from leaving the transmission lines.B) free transformersA step-down transformer allows a device that requires a low voltage power supply to operate from a higher(prenominal) voltage. The transformer takes in the high voltage at a low current and puts out a low voltage at a high current. A step down transformer has less turns of wire on the secondary coil, which makes a littler induced voltage in the secondary co il. It is called a step down transformer because the voltage output is shorter than the voltage input. If the secondary coil has fractional as many turns of wire then the output voltage will be half(a) the input voltage. Decreasing the voltage does not step-down the power. As the voltage goes down, the current goes up.Fig.9 Step Down Transformer2. ON THE BASES OF WINDINGSA) Core type transformerFig.10 Core TransformerB) Shell type transformerFig.11 Shell type transformer3. ON THE BASES OF SERVICE A) Power transformer Power transformers are used in transmission network for voltage ratings of (440kv, 220kv, 110kv, 66Kv) and are principally rated above 200MVA. Power transformer generally operated at full loading. Hence, it is designed much(prenominal) that copper dischargees are minimum. B) Distribution Transformers Distribution Transformers are used in (33 kV, 11kv, 6.6 kV) voltage levels in Distribution network and are generally rated less than 200 MVA. A distribution transfor mer is always online and operated at fill up less than full load for most of time. Hence, it is designed such(prenominal) that hollow out losings are minimum.IDEALTRANSFORMER The idealizations are as follows 1. Magnetic circuit is linear and has infinite permeability. The consequence is that a vanishingly small current is enough to establish the disposed flux. Hysteresis loss is negligible. As all the flux generated confines itself to the iron, there is no escape cock flux.2. Windings do not have unsusceptibility. This means that there are no copper losses, nor thereis any ohmic drop in the electric circuit. losses IN TRANSFORMERAn ideal transformer would have no energy losses, and would be 100% efficient. In practical transformers energy is dissipated in the windings, event, and border structures. Larger transformers are generally more efficient, and those rated for electricity distribution ordinarily perform better than 98%.All transformers have copper and bone marrow l osses.1. dogshit lossCopper loss is power lost in the primary and secondary windings of a transformer due to the ohmic resistance of the windings. Copper loss, in watts.Copper Loss I2P RP+ I2S RSWhere IP = primary currentIS = secondary currentRP = primary winding resistanceRS = secondary winding resistance2. Core lossA) Hysteresis lossesEach time the magnetic field is reversed, a small amount of energy is lost due to hysteresis within the core. For a given core material, the loss is proportional to the relative frequency, and is a function of the peak flux density to which it is subjected.B) Eddy currentsFerromagnetic materials are withal good conductors, and a solid core made from such a material in like manner constitutes a single short-circuited turn throughout its stainless length. Eddy currents therefore circulate within the core in a plane normal to the flux, and are responsible for resistive heating of the core material. The kink current loss is a complex function of t he foursquare of supply frequency and inverse square of the material thickness.Mechanical lossesIn addition to magnetostriction, the alternating magnetic field causes fluctuating electromagnetic forces between the primary and secondary windings. These incite vibrations within nearby metalwork, adding to the bombilate noise, and consuming a small amount of power.Stray losses safety valve inductance is by itself largely lossless, since energy supplied to its magnetic fields is returned to the supply with the next half-cycle. However, any leakage flux that intercepts nearby conductive materials such as the transformers support structure will give rise to wrench currents and be converted to heat. There are alike radiative losses due to the oscillate magnetic field, but these are normally small.EFFECIENCYWHAT CAUSE LOSSES1. Due to the large value for the permeance ( r of the order of 1000 as compared to air) the magnetizing current requirement decreases dramatically. This can also b e visualized as a dramatic increase in the flux produced for a given value of magnetizing current.2. The magnetic medium is linear for low values of induction and exhibits saturation type of non-linearity at higher flux densities.3. The iron also has hysteresis type of non-linearity due to which certain amount of power is lost in the iron (in the form of hysteresis loss), as the B-H characteristic is traversed.4. Most of the flux lines are confined to iron path and hence the mutual flux is increased very much and leakage flux is greatly reduced.5. The flux can be easily directed as it takes the path through marque which gives great freedom for the designer in physical arrangement of the excitation and output windings.6. As the medium is made of a conducting material eddy currents are induced in the same and produce losses. These are called eddy current losses. To minimize the eddy current losses the steel core is required to be in the form of a stack of insulated laminations. activ ity OF TRANSFORMER1. official document transformersInstrument transformers comprise a large category of current and potential transformers for various voltage, frequency and physical size ranges. We have blue them up into several different groupings low voltage, which are system voltages low 15kV high frequency, operating frequency over 1kHz and size ranges from board mount parts up to current transformers with window sizes of 254mm by 610mm. Read through the different types we supply below and use our InstrumentFig. 12 Instrument transformer2. Potential TransformersUsed primarily in a step down environment to monitor voltage. They are designed for connection line-to-line or line-to-neutral in the same manner as ordinary voltmeters. The secondary voltage bears a fixed relation with the primary voltage so that any change in potential in the primary circuit will be accurately reflected in the meters or otherwise devices connected across the secondary rods. Potential transformers can be used with voltmeters for voltage measurements or they can be used in combination with current transformers for watt-meter or watthour meter measurements. They are used also to operate protective relays and devices, and for many other applications, Since they are used in a monitor capacity, they generally require much greater accuracy in design.Fig. 13 Potential transformer3. Metering toroidal certain TransformersTraditional, window type current transformers for criterion 50-400HZ currents of 5A to 15000A with secondaries of 0.1A, 1A and 5A (special secondary currents are on hand(predicate)). Burden B 0.1 through 1.8 (2.5VA to 50 VA) with the true tell apart 0.2 to variance 5.0 as per IEC 185 or class 0.3, 0.6 or 1.2 as per ANSI C 57.13. deep down diameters of up to 8.00. Many models are available as U.L. recognized devices. Applications let in UPS systems Transfer refillinges Motor-generator sets Commercial sub-metering, 3 CT s in one package for 3- frame metering Ac curate touchstone for metering/WATT/VAR online sensing, recording, monitoring control Control panels and drives Standard CT used as measuring banner for comparison Winding temperature indicator (WTI) for power transformers Summation current transformers.Fig.14 . Metering Toroidal Current TransformersLarge Frame Current Transformers For measuring 50-400HZ currents in bus bar and other large conductor systems. Typical contour is 400A to 12000A primary current with secondary of 1A or 5A Inside areas as small as 3.00 X 7.00 and as large as 7.00 X 27.00 and 10.00X 24.00. All models are available with optional mounting plates for bulk-head mounting. Some models are U.L. recognized devices.4. Split-Core Current TransformersThis type of current transformer is available to measure AC currents from 100A to 600A, at 50 to400HZ. They are very popular in sub-metering applications where existent systems are being upgraded and it is impractical to isolate the primary conductor. It is even pos sible to install this type of transformer while the conductor is energized, however it is paramount that certain safety precautions be followed under such conditions. Rectangular in shape, standard split-core models are available with window dimensions up to 4.00 X 7.50. Even larger, custom designed sizes are available by special order. Secondary ratings of 5A, 1A, and 100ma are all common in split-core current transformers. Two model groups are available, SP and SPS. The former is provided with astainless steel screw-clamp band securing the two core halves the latter has a UV resistant nylon band. All ratios are available in either type. Electrical and magnetic surgical procedure is identical for the two groups.Fig.15 Split-Core Current Transformers5. Miniature Current TransformersThese are constructed using one of the hobby methods Plastic casing, Resin casted, Resindipped, Tape insulated,. Typical turns ratio 4000 1 to 500 1 and Accuracy Class 0.1 to ClassApplications accept Fig.15 Split-Core Current Transformers Energy meters for accurate current measurement Current control Current signature of motors Load sensing Ground fault sensing monitor of process parameters AC level to logic conversation bar graph As a transducer in instrumentation6. pass on Class security system Current TransformersThis type of CT includes oil-immersed bussing and Resin molded versions. Primary current range from 5 Amp to 5000 Amp with secondary current 5A, 1A , or 01.A. Typical Burden B 0.1 throughB 4.0 (2.5VA to 50 VA more) and Accuracy Class As per ANSI C 57.13 and IEC 185. Applications include Protection relays/electrical relay panels human race fault protection Bussing type, oil-immersed CT in power transformer Control panes and switch boards Air/Gas circuit breakers Motor control cubicles Power control centers Bus bar protection systems Differential protection systemsFig.16 Relay Class Protection Current Transformers7. modal(a) voltage Instrument TransformersThese are used with a system voltage 3.3kV to 25kV and BIL 4.5 to 125 full pother crest kV. They are reliably constructed using vacuum cast with paste resin/polyurethane resin and are able to withstand argillaceous fault conditions but are not made for exposure to sunlight.. unmarried CTs can be built with multiple cores for example one for measuring and another for relaying are possible. Also multi solicit secondaries can be provided (up to 4). Typical primary current 5 Amp to 3000 Amp and secondary current 5A/1A/01.A. Applications include Metering and Relaying Energy meter panels Medium voltage switch gears and control panels Medium voltage circuit breakers Motor Control PanelsFig.17 Medium voltage Instrument Transformers8. PC mount 50 to 400Hz Current TransformersThese offer a small footprint for the design engineer looking to sensor current on board. They can also be used for Metering Class (Burden from B O.1 to B 1.8 with accuracy class from 0.3 to 2.4 as per client requirement. (As per ANSI C 57.13 and IEC 185) and for Relay Class Burden from B 1.0 to B 4.0 and relay voltage class from C 10 to C 400 or T200 as per customer requirement. (As per ANSI C 57.13 and IEC 185) Secondary current range from 0.1 to 5 amp. Typical constructions are plastic casing or resin molded. Applications include Sensing current overload Ground fault detection MeteringPC mount 2OkHz to 2OOkHz Current TransformersThese are used for measuring high frequency primary currents up to 15 Amps with primary to secondary isolated to 2500 VAC and have optimum performance over designated current and frequency ranges. Applications include Isolated current feed-back maneuver in switch mode powersupplies Motor current load/overload Lighting Switch controls Ultra-sound current High resolution sonar current Isolated bi-directional current sensor with full wave bridgeFig.18 PC mount 50 to 400Hz Current Transformers9. Air core transformers another(prenominal) kind of special transformer, seen o ften in radio-frequency circuits, is the air core transformer. (Figure below) truthful to its name, an air core transformer has its windings wrapped around a nonmagnetic form, usually a hollow tube of some material. The degree of coupling (mutual inductance) between windings in such a transformer is many times less than that of an kindred iron-core transformer, but the undesirable characteristics of a ferromagnetic core (eddy current losses, hysteresis, saturation, etc.) are completely eliminated. It is in high-frequency applications that these effects of iron cores are most problematic.Fig.19 Air core transformersAir core transformers may be wound on cylindrical (a) or toroidal (b) forms. Center tapped primary with secondary (a). bifilar winding on toroidal form (b). The inside tapped solenoid winding, (Figure (a) above), without the over winding, could see to it unequal impedances when DC isolation is not required. When isolation is required the over winding is added over one e nd of the main winding. Air core transformers are used at radio frequencies when iron core losses are too high. Frequently air core transformers are paralleled with a capacitor to tune it to sonorousness. The over winding is connected between a radio antenna and ground for one such application. The secondary is tuned to resonance with a variable capacitor. The output may be taken from the tap point for amplification or detection. Small millimeter size air core transformers are used in radio receivers. The largest radio transmitters may use meter sized coils. Unshielded air core solenoid transformers are mounted at right angles to each other to prevent straggle coupling. Stray coupling is minimized when the transformer is wound on a toroid form. (Figure (b) above) Toroidal air core transformers also show a higher degree of coupling, particularly for bifilar windings. Bifilar windings are wound from a slightly twisted pair of wires. This implies a 11 turns ratio. trio or four wires may be grouped for 12 and other integral ratios. Windings do not have to be bifilar. This allows haughty turns ratios. However, the degree of coupling suffers. Toroidal air core transformers are rarified except for VHF (Very High Frequency) work. Core materials other than air such as powdered iron or ferrite are preferred for lower radio frequencies.10. Tesla Coil One notable example of an air-core transformer is the Tesla Coil, named after the Serbian electrical genius Nikola Tesla, who was also the inventor of the rotating magnetic field AC motor, polyphase AC power systems, and many elements of radio technology. The Tesla Coil is a resonant, high-frequency step-up transformer used to produce extremely high voltages. One of Teslas dreams was to habituate his coil technology to distribute electric power without the need for wires, manifestly broadcasting it in the form of radio waves which could be received and conducted to loads by means of antennas. The basic schematic for a Tesla Coil is shown in Figure below.Fig.20 Tesla coilTesla Coil A few heavy primary turns, many secondary turns.The capacitor, in conjunction with the transformers primary winding, forms a ice chest circuit. The secondary winding is wound in close proximity to the primary, usually around the same nonmagnetic form. Several options exist for exciting the primary circuit, the simplest being a high-voltage, low-frequency AC source and spark fracture (Figure below) carcass level diagram of Tesla coil with spark gap drive. The purpose of the high-voltage, low-frequency AC power source is to charge the primary tank circuit. When the spark gap fires, its low impedance acts to complete the capacitor/primary coil tank circuit, allowing it to oscillate at its resonant frequency. The RFC inductors are Radio Frequency Chokes, which act as high impedances to prevent the AC source from interfering with the oscillating tank circuit. The secondary side of the Tesla coil transformer is also a tank circuit, relying on the parasitic (stray) capacitance existing between the discharge terminal and earth ground to complement the secondary windings inductance. For optimum operation, this secondary tank circuit is tuned to the same resonant frequency as the primary circuit, with energy exchanged not only between capacitors and inductors during resonant oscillation, but also back-and-forth between primary and secondary windings. Tesla Coils find application primarily as novelty devices, showing up in high school attainment fairs, basement workshops, and the occasional low budget science-fiction movie. It should be noted that Tesla coils can be extremely dangerous devices. Burns caused by radio-frequency (RF) current, like all electrical burn down, can be very deep, unlike skin burns caused by contact with hot objects or flames. Although the high-frequency discharge of a Tesla coil has the curious property of being beyond the shock perception frequency of the human nervous system, this does not mean Tesla coils cannot hurt or even kill you I strongly advise seeking the assistance of an experient Tesla coil experimenter if you would embark on building one yourself.11. Linear varying Differential Transformer A linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) has an AC drive primary wound between two secondarys on a cylindrical air core form. A movable ferromagnetic slug converts switching to a variable voltage by changing the coupling between the driven primary and secondary windings. The LVDT is a displacement or distance measuring transducer. Units are available for measuring displacement over a distance of a fraction of a millimeter to a half a meter. LVDTs are rugged and dirt resistant compared to linear optical encoders.Fig.21 LVDTThe excitation voltage is in the range of 0.5 to 10 VAC at a frequency of 1 to 200 KHz. A ferrite core is suitable at these frequencies. It is extended outside the body by an non-magnetic rod. As the core is moved toward the top winding, the voltage across this coil increases due to increased coupling, while the voltage on the fathom coil decreases. If the core is moved toward the bottom winding, the voltage on this coil increases as the voltage decreases across the top coil. Theoretically, a centered slug yields equal voltages across both coils. In practice leakage inductance prevents the null from dropping all the way to 0 V. With a centered slug, the series-opposing wired secondarys cancel yielding V13 = 0. miserable the slug up increases V13. Note that it is in-phase with with V1, the top winding, and 180o out of phase with V3, bottom winding. Moving the slug down from the center position increases V13. However, it is 180o out of phase with with V1, the top winding, and in-phase with V3, bottom winding. Moving the slug from top to bottom shows a minimum at the center point, with an 180o phase reversal in liberty chit the center.Acknowledgment

English Tort Law Imposing Liability Law Essay

English civil wrong Law wondrous Liability Law EssayThis essay lead loanress the top dog by exploring cases dealing with occupants obligation, subaltern obligation and psychiatric disparage. I c alone up to focus on narrow aspects within these three aras of legal philosophy allowing a deep critical analysis. Occupiers indebtedness, in my opinion, is an flying field of righteousness that chatters as sanitary very frequently obligation in cases involving trespassers. I dont doubt that there must be indebtedness for the homeowner who invites someone onto their buck and fails to provide a gumshoe environs which is seen in statute such as the Occupiers Liability operate 1957, duty to take such c atomic number 18 as in all the circumstancesto see that the visitor will be reasonably safe in using the premises.1However, civil wrong law insists that an occupier layabout be held conjectural for personal stigma suffered by trespassers be flummox of the allege of the land and this is where I see the Occupiers Liability Act 19842takes the rule of the 1957 Act and stretches it to a fault far. My first reappraisal of this aspect of civil wrong law is the conflict it has with criminal law. It seems in pellucid that in a criminal court a home owner whose land has been trespassed on, perhaps by a burglar, will be considered the victim and duly read the sympathy of the court and yet be cast in the role of villain in a civil court. Leon Green describes how an occupier will, insisting upon the intruders own wrong andinvokeing his own immunity from any duty to crop active care in behalf of a trespasser.3He then goes on to say, Assuming the intruder to be a wrongdoer, the landowners position would seem unassailable.4This daybook dates back to 1917 before statute had imposed occupiers liability but the model holds true. Why should the victim be held accountable for the criminals injuries in cases where there has been no active action on the part of the occupier? The negligent state of the land and arising liability should, in my opinion, be limited to lawful visitors and violate children, who can non be held to the same standard as adults, if only for policy reasons. A clear message demand to be sent to unlawful visitors detestation does non pay. Why allowance them in any way from an wrong venture? Not only does it not dissuade criminal demeanor it is also wholly unfair to impose this liability on a home owner.Additionally, I would argue that when comparing occupiers liability to other athletic fields of tort law, such as pure economic loss, it be experiences clear that comparatively occupiers liability allows too a lot liability. The case of Weller Co.5established that a person cannot cite for pure financial loss if that loss is unaccompanied by carnal damage. It seems reprehensible that innocent(p) victims of inadvertence cannot claim damages from those whose, shoulders are handsome enough to bear the loss,6and yet homeowners can be held nonimmune for the injuries of trespassers. Tort law insists that innocent victims of pure economic loss must assent the financial loss as bad serving. Why is this principle not extended to trespassers? Those who trespass on land with the intent to rend a crime cannot claim to be innocent of the misfortune that may bump them. This awareness combined with the illegality of the act is enough in my opinion to lay out any distress that befalls a trespasser down to bad luck with, in my opinion, no liability to the homeowner. If tort law will not help the innocent it seems foolish that it is so willing to help the shamed and this yet another reason why I remember tort law imposes too much liability.Further much, I cerebrate there is too much tortuous liability for occupiers in this area of the law and this can be seen in the conflict with the absolutist nature of airplane propeller law. This date is seen in Semaynes case The house of everyon e is to him as his castle and fortress.7This principle has everlastingly come with certain restriction as English space law has neer discernd total dominion over land. The 1957 and 1984 Occupiers liability acts impose a safe standard of maintenance of property. However, I put fore the argument that a landowner who has paid for the privilege of a property right should not be compel lead by the law to balk trespassers universe injured. Property law does not enforce positive covenants as they are considered an erroneous duty, why then, should the occupier, who is doing nothing, bestir himself to look out for the safety of those who come upon his premises? Why should they not look out for themselves, as they would do anywhere else, except as to negligence of those pursuing an active family of conduct.8I believe this burden should be alleviated and that occupiers should be allowed to cut down their cash, not on lawsuits, but on their property. Surely that is the prima facie eu daemonia of owning land? Insisting that occupiers are liable for trespassers does not sit well with the absolutist history of English property law as it presupposes that money be spent in a certain way to hinder injury. I do not believe tort law should add further restrictions to property that is already subject to the laws of planning permission, restricting covenants, abomination etc. I believe tort law imposes too much liability and needs to strike a better balance with occupiers property rights.Another area of tort law where there is too much liability, in my opinion, is vicarious liability for employers. I am not ambitious the belief that employers should be liable for their employers, to an extent, however I do believe greater limitations need to be put in place as employer liability is far too expansive. The law currently insists that employers are liable for any tortuous act committed by their employees as ample as the act is within the scope of employment. Even in case s where the employer has through with(p) his utmost to prevent any negligent behaviour from his employee the law clam up holds him accountable such as in the case of Whatman v. Pearson.9Vicarious liability is an important aspect of tort law, as employer insurance means the claimant has a higher chance of being paid damages. However I defend to accept an area of the law that so transparently undermines the crucial principle of causation. The law has had trouble establishing what employers should be liable for and I believe to annoy liability just and fair, vicarious liability should only apply in cases where the employer had some measure of control over the actions of the employee for causa, authorising the act. Acts that involve the work environment but are actually entirely removed from the employers scope of awareness, for example the fraudulent dealings of the suspects in Lloyd v. Grace, Smith Co.10, would therefore fall outside the employers scope of liability. This would allow for fairness for the employer, something which I believe has been disregarded in the development of vicarious liability, because as it is the law imposes too much liability in this area.Moreover, I believe that tort law imposes too much liability in placing the burden of liability on the employer as this reduces the employees right for his actions. The practice of indemnity is in place but prima facie, vicarious liability effectively negates an employees legal culpability as despite overlap liability damages are most likely to come from the employers insurance. healthy theory has taught us that laws play their part in shaping sociable dynamics and surely what is needed to improve society are laws that insure people are held responsible for their actions. The practice of vicarious liability, though coherent regarding policy reasons does not deal with the human reality of being legally and socially culpable for ones actions. It seems to me that vicarious liability is yet an other area of the law that supports the notion of passing the buck and the way to reduce acts of negligence is to hold the actual tortfeasors, the employees, financially responsible. Take the Japanese model of employer liability as described by Joseph Sanders and Lee Hamilton, Japanese law stresses exclusive responsibility for corporate crime and rarely holds the organization responsible.11As tenacious as employees are aware that any tort of negligence they commit during the course of employment will be recoverable from the employer they will never be inclined to be diligent to the best of their ability. It is for this reason I believe that tort law imposes too much liability on employers.I believe the area of psychiatric injury is one area of tort law where there is far too little liability. For a claim regarding psychiatric injury to be actionable the claimant must have either been a native victim who was a foreseeable victim of psychiatric or physical injury or a secondary vic tim who meets various criteria. These criteria are laid down in Alcock v. header Constable of South Yorkshire12and are that there is a loving cleave with the claimaint and the primary victim, proximity to the accident and that the psychiatric injury occurred as a result of seeing or hearing the accident with eyes and ears. alternate victims have to jump through hoops to prove they de serve well recompense for a psychiatric injury and this seems to suggest that the judicial system does not hold psychiatric injury in the same regard as physical injury. The law commission states, although psychiatric illness is often more debilitating than physical injury, the message conveyed by the prevailing rules is that mental and mad wellbeing are of less account than physical integrity.13Perhaps the recalcitrance of the tort system to consider psychiatric injury as sufficient to physical injury, and therefore increase liability, is because of the residual stigma associated with psychiatric injury as well as the upkeep of floodgate liability. Whatever the reason, a system that differentiates betwixt the two forms of injury is in my opinion a flawed system as both are forms of injury that should be dealt with uniformly. Lord Lloyd remarks that, there is no justification for regarding physical and psychiatric injury as different kinds of injury,14and yet the liability for both forms of injury is inactive imbalanced.Furthermore, why should different rules apply to primary and secondary victims? Should forseeability, causation, establishment of harm etc not be the core principles in establishing liability? As H. teff grass states, in distinguishing between primary and secondary victims tort law, allows artificial criteria to drive out the more natural question should the defendant be liable to the plaintiff in all the circumstances?15I believe tort law offers too little liability by erecting false barriers that prevent victims from attaining damages. Cases such as Al cock16and White and Others v. Chief Constable of South Yorkshire17are evidence of the unfair system at work. Both cases involve innocent victims who were denied damages as liability was not imposed because crude, superficial criteria were not meant. As long as the harm to the victim was caused by the defendant and the damage to the victim was foreseeable then I do not believe there should be any differentiation between primary and secondary victims. The flaws of tort laws attempt to make a distinction between between primary and secondary victims is summed up by H. Teff who states, sooner of discriminating against foreseeable secondary victims, the law should reflect the fact that, often, the selfless source of their reactions makes them at least as deserving as legion(predicate) primary victim Until the current legal system looks to a hotly and fairer model of liability regarding psychiatric injury the liability imposed will never be enough.Another fault with the tort system i n how it deals with psychiatric injury is that the limits imposed for liability are too restrictive and the reasons behind the restrictions not particularly persuasive. The law refuses to relax the criteria for liability with no real explanation as to why bar a fear that laxer criteria will open up the floodgates of litigation. However H. Teff, referencing B.F. Hoffman18and the Law Commission, Consultation wallpaper19, explains why he does not think this is a real cause for concern, The enduring, if diminished, stigma associated with psychiatric illness inhibits many would-be claimants, and the risk of image through increasingly refined techniques of psychological assessment has reduced the risk of undeserving claimants succeeding on the strength of loose medical definition.20So if one accepts that the floodgate argument, for imposing such rigid criteria before there can be criteria, is unsound then one must also accept that the current law imposes too little liability as a resul t.Furthermore, many of the criteria regarding psychiatric injury are archaic and arbitrary. For example, Mullany famous that, The psychiatric literature does not allow the assertion that the impact of injury is inevitably more severe if directly perceived21and yet tort law has stubbornly held onto the criteria that the event causing injury must be perceived with the senses, refusing to allow development and change in line with new understandings of psychiatric illness. Cane argues, how can we justify a rule which requires mentally traumatized people to go to court and prove that they have strong feelings of cognize and affection towards another?22The old attitudes to psychiatric harm are no longer justifiable and so a criterion that is insensitive to the needs of those suffering injury must be criticized and adjusted. The criterion that the event causing psychiatric harm must be sudden23again seems arbitrary, a rule designed for no other purpose but too limit liability. Harvey Te ff argues, The laws current stance effectively penalises those whose illness involves a more prolonged reaction to an event or events closely connected with the defendants negligent conduct.24These are but a few of the criteria imposed before there can be liability and I believe they serve to show that as Harvey Teff states, the current rules are, At odds with psychological reality, amount(ing) to no more than unprincipled line-drawing.25I have attempted to fix both sides of the question equal attention and in doing so this has led to me to the conclusion that one cannot say tort law as a whole imposes too much or too little liability. I believe that psychiatric injury is too restricted in its liability and vicarious and occupiers liability are too expansive. In these areas I believe reform would be welcome however one must recognise that no legal system is perfect and the tort system could be far worse.

The Bahamian Work Ethic Management Essay

The Bahamian Work Ethic boil downsing EssayI propose to education the reverse ethical code of Bahamian employees as it relates to put-on act in the Bahamas Electricity Corporation. My particular eng be onment in this matter is because I am an employee of BEC and it is a everyday whimsy of the public that cook sufficeance is poor and degrading in the comp each. If this is in fact true, could the performance of these employees be related to how Bahamians believe blend in performance should be. because this is what they ar utilize to? at that place could be a mien to agitate the culture of job performance with education and pull up stakesingingness to change.Work ethic is in all around being diligent and hard spirting at any task assigned. There atomic number 18 non only are those set associated with it, but also knowing that there is a moral turn in from it and a sense of improving ones character on the whole. Persons that exhibit a character of hard turn a nd dedication are much credibly to get better tasks and promotions wherever they bring in. And those who do not hand over a well be reachd work ethic are often labeled s hoi polloihful and are said to be making more money which is not equal to the amount of work they are performing.Some individuals believe that desire of having groovy work ethic and working hard is a lie set up to confirm employees working for harder than they should for their employers. Criticisms about work ethic, wish the one mentioned, have always been a part of the work industry. Andre Gorz, a French philosopher, wrote In actual fact the work ethic has hurtle obsolete. It is no longer true that producing more means working more or that producing more pull up stakes lead to a better way of life (1989). However, when an individual is working be starting time minimum or not working at all and if he or she is fully able-bodied of performing, it causes others to work harder to fill in the productivity gap.Bahamians have always been associated with when the purpose moves them attitude towards work especially in the civil servant vault of heaven as opposed to the private sector. In 2007, there was a be constitute conducted by the Ministry of Tourism entitled Bahamian Resident Survey which provided or so information stating, Bahamian workers are perceived to project a miss of work morality (Gibbs, 2012). High school students are being hustling now from the 12th grade to be ready for the work force and to perform at their outstrip even when others are not doing so. The focus of this area is to quantify the relationship that exists amongst the Bahamian work ethic and work performance. The study will assess documentation in the context of use of work ethics and employee work performance. By studying this relationship, it will consent to bring some light to this area of study in work performance left untouched in the Bahamas.Statement of ProblemIn order to understand the r ationale behind the degrading Bahamian work ethic, its relationship with employee work performance is well-tried. Additionally, attitudes and style are involved in the process. With the degradation happening as such, customer satisfaction levels are locomote and productivity could come an all time low. While addressing the problem in this study, ways to reform job performance and work ethic in Corporations will be livelinessed at.Purpose of StudyThe purpose of this study is to moderate whether an employees work ethic is related to the way that individual performs on the job. Also, this study hopes to find a difference in the work ethic of age generations in the Corporation. The unit of analysis is the employees by department. The topic and study is curiously important because future generations of Bahamians john benefit from understanding that authentic beliefs and attitudes towards general working and employment are unwarranted.Research QuestionsFor the purpose of this st udy, the hook up withing principal will be addressedQuestion 1 Can the work ethic (attitudes and beliefs) of Bahamians be associated with employee performance?Question 2 What is the Bahamian work ethic?Question 3 How bed work ethic in the Corporation be remedyd?Signifi sackce of the ProblemThis enquiry study needs to be conducted because it can help Bahamian employers to understand how to actuate their employees to perform better on the job in terms of attitude, beliefs and behavior towards work. By getting to the root of the problem with the research results, solutions recommended could help to improve the customer satisfaction levels and the day to day work habits of employees.DelimitationsWith more time, the research study could have encompassed all stave (technical and clerical) of the Bahamas Electricity Corporation, Water and gutter Corporation and Bahamas Telecommunication Corporation for a full study of corporations in the Bahamas. Also, there was not enough money in the budget to perform an outer island study for the Family Island branches. The female population, where the sample is being live withn, is very low to the males. So this sample will be pre-dominantly males which will only show their prospective on the matter.Review of Related LiteratureOn the job performance is evaluated in a number of ways. An assessment of an employees tasks and how well it is complete is known as a performance appraisal (Rotundo, 2009). This review is think for the discussion and understanding of the Bahamian attitude towards working and how it relates to work performance.The draw between performance and work ethicIt is believed that there could be link up between certain behaviors on the job and how this might prevent good performance from employees just like it would make the performance better (Carter, Murray and Gray, 2011). There are attributes that an employee should have as a part of their individualism such as trust, interpersonal sensitivity, altrui sm and perspective taking. Psychological well-being in turn predicts improved job performance and reduced turnover state Peterson, Park, Hall and Seligman (2009).The research offers that few studies have explicitly examined the linkage between HRM practices and religious operate quality. Schneider et al. (1998) proposed that service quality rests on a set of organisational foundation publicizes that support and facilitate front-line employee service delivery, which include internal service provided by support staff, efforts to remove obstacles to work, and employee participation and training.Ishak, Mustapha, Mahmud and Afriffin commented on decreased productivity in the workplace stating that, The inability to manage and communicate emotions effectively can lead to unresolved and repetitive conflicts among employees and in the long run that can cause severe burnout and diminished productivity (2008). Many employees do not know how communicate properly and this could be tie to a scattered in real work ethics training.Quality of work and blue performanceThe majority of studies investigating the outcomes of ethics on employee performance look at the matter from the side of management. In their paper Do They pick up out Eye to Eye? Management and Employee Perspectives of High- consummation Work Systems and Influence Processes on Service Quality, Liao, Toya, Lepak and Hong explore the notion of how different perspectives on service can be between management, employees and even customers of the intrusting sector.In their paper High Performance Work Systems in the Paper Industry, Parsons and Necochea offer that Though there is not a single definition, HPWS can be described as work systems that maximize the fit between the social (employees and structure) and technology systems. Fit or alignment between employees, technologies, and organizational strategy is seen as a key factor in the competitive advantage of an organization. While this definition and rough ly models seem more easily aligned towards the production sector of industry, the service is no less accounted for as this study demonstrates. The researchers engaged 292 managers, 830 employees, and 1,772 customers of 91 bank branches.As mentioned before, perspectives differed between management and line staff and while an issue like having standard operation procedures was important from a management perspective, customers observe a positive experience when line staff appeared to have the latitude to make decisions that was specific to accommodating their needs as opposed to having to follow management guides. Employees felt a degree of say-so from the same process. This empowerment allowed employees to perform greater and feel better about what tasks they were assigned.Work ethics historyWang (2008) summarizes that in earlier decades in the age of Christianity, doing work was looked at as being punishment for doing something wrong. Because of the Reformation Age, people were t aught that working was something good and honest to do. farther on, it was told that if you were not doing work, it was a bad idea as opposed to working which was good. It is also understood in China afterward the change of government to communism, the people were given a ethnic gain to ensure that their indoctrinate work ethics would remain and no outside forces combat their natural hard working attitudes to improve China. This same cultural boost can be utilise in other areas to improve the output of hard workers in the Bahamas.Bahamian Work EthicDuring the posterior part of the year, Junkanoo band practices and costume making are taking place. Junkanoo parades take place around Christmas while schools are closed. Bahamians put a lot of effort into competing in these parades for just those two days of the year. Storr (2006) asked the question, What does Junkanoo teach Bahamians about themselves and their abilities?.. Certainly, the most important lesson that Bahamians learn from Junkanoo is that success and hard work are inextricably linked (p.301). What is being said is that there is no lose of work ethic in the Bahamas, it is just focused in certain areas. The same way the participants in Junkanoo can spend long hours pasting costumes and practicing terpsichore they can spend performing well on the job.Research surmisalH0 Bahamian work ethic is related to employee performanceHa Bahamian work ethic is not related to employee performanceMethodology break danceicipantsDuring the later(prenominal) half fall season of 2012, 65 employees of the Blue Hills Power locate (BEC) of ages 19 and above will be asked to participate in the study by completing the stares. The employees at the station are pre-dominantly men and are separated by day and foment works. There are tercet departments Electrical and Mechanical (Day workers) and Operations (Shift workers). Posters will be put up around the station in the respective departments to remind the employees to the study.Instrument conventionFor the purpose of this study, a survey design was chosen as the best actor for this quantitative study because it can provide trends in behavior and opinions from a sample of the population. The first part of the survey used questions that were interpreted from the study entitled, A Chinese Work Ethic in a Global Community by Victor Wang of California State University. The molybdenum part of the survey was created by the researcher to appropriately fit the work lifestyle of the employees at the power station. There are 21 questions in all with post 1 headed Work Ethic and Part 2 headed Job Performance. The survey uses a Likert Scale with range from 6 to 1 in Part 1 Six (6) being strongly cope with and (1) being strongly discord. However, in Part 2, Six (6) was changed to strongly dis harbour and one (1) to strongly agree to prevent participant overlook. Because the items in the survey will assess the content that was used to measure before (s urvey has been used by different researchers in management and education studies), there will be no need to demonstrate validity except for Part 2 which was created by the researcher. The instruments reliability of Part 2 will be tested by an alpha of 0.95, N of participants = 65, N of questions = 21.Procedures / Data appealThe letter of consent (in an email) will be sent two weeks forwards of the schedule date for the survey. All of the employees that are willing to participate will reply to the email address given to them. The mechanical and electrical staff that have agreed to participate will be taken in groups of 5 or 6 to the Mess Hall (Blue Hills Power Station) to be considered the survey. One group a day during the lunch break so that none of the employees are kept from their lunch. For the consenting participants of the Operation department, each of the shifts have a rotation into the 8am to 4pm shift every three days. At this time, the shift team that is on will be asked to accompany the survey administer to the Mess Hall where they will sit and be given pencils to come filling out the questionnaire. After that shift teams three days are over, the next shift team taking over the 8am to 4pm shift will be administered the survey and so on until all the shift teams have completed it. All of the participants will be asked by the administers not to hold conversations while filling out the survey.Data AnalysisMinitab 16 statistical Software for the Windows operating system will be used to evaluate the data collected for this study. The responses to Part 1 and Part 2 Likert questions of the instrument will be summed up. The mode of each question will be used to find the most frequent response. The best approach to break the responses will be to use the Mann Whitney. The Kruskal Wallis test can be used also to analyze the difference in responses from the three departments (Operations, Electrical and Mechanical). Further analysis can be done by converting the responses into two groups of agree and disagree. This way a chi square test can be used to test if the null hypothesis is true. The hypotheses will be tested at a minimum of the .05 level of significance.Projected FindingsPart 1 (Work Ethic) ModeStatements123456789101112 strongly disagree51220258261815628117 discord5101515615121871838Somewhat Disagree1051012107101291252Somewhat check over20151071081510105116Agree181086178572022518Strongly Agree71520141531302014n = 65Part 2 (Job Performance) ModeStatements123456789Strongly Disagree3141079301Disagree5434127291Somewhat Disagree8161012149742Somewhat Agree17118151615201410Agree142022111420222618Strongly Agree1812181325111233n = 65Timeline**Please see attached in Appendices.Proposed BudgetCory K. Bain Proposal interchange BudgetFor the month ended December 30 2012December gold ReceiptsAllowance$500.00Total Cash Receipts$500.00Cash PaymentsPosters$15.00 paper$10.00Pencils$5.00Folders$5.00Refreshments$20.00Pens$8.00Researchers Sala ries$300.00Total Cash Payments$363.00Ending Cash Balance$137.00

Solar Radio Emissions: Investigating Reactivated Prominences

solar tuner set Emissions Investigating Reactivated excrescencesMadeleine EveAndrew Johnstonsolar intercommunicate Emissions in Investigating Reactivated Prominences Literature ReviewAbstractAstronomical objects that lease a changing charismatic handle can name wireless receiver waves, which argon the longest waves in the electro magnetised spectrum. By canvas the receiving setcommunication waves emitted by the sunshine, astronomers can acquire in arrangement about its composition, structure and motion. This charter of the present working class is to accustom solar piano tunercommunication emissions produced during the re-activation of protrusions in company to investigate possible zip ascendants for the activation. The purpose of this literature review is to crumple relevant cover on the subject matter that will be c everywhereed in this project, and give a summary of the literature in the knowledge domain, whilst covering the history and importance of th e topic, along with what cases of official documents can be employ to measure radio waves, and how radio waves atomic number 18 utilizable in studying gibbousnesss and their reactivation.1 IntroductionRadio waves ar a type of electromagnetic radiation, which is a form of energy produced whenever charged particles are accelerated. They put one across frequencies from 3kHz to 300GHz, with synonymic wavelengths ranging from just 1mm to 100km. The considering of solar radio emissions began in 1942, when an English physicist and radio astronomer, James Hey, was tasked to work on radar anti-jamming methods for the military. He had several reports of bare noise jamming of radars signals in the 4-8 meter wavelength range, and after examination, he realise that the direction of maximal interference was coming from the solarize, and concluded that the sunshine radiates radio waves (M. Pick, 2008).The observation of solar radio emissions has proved to be a useful with both in our efforts to understand solar physics., In particular solar radio emissions can be employ to study local blood plasma density and magnetic reconnection, which relates to the release, over periods of a few minutes, of magnetic energy stored in the corona and which accompany solar eruption events like prominences which this project will be foc development on. In addition, radio wave emissions from solar flares offer several unique diagnostic tools which can be used to investigate energy release (A. O. Benz 2005), plasma heating, particle acceleration, and particle dishonour in magnetized plasmas. A solar flare is an keep ond explosive flash of graphicness over the lies surface or the solar tree branch, powered by magnetic reconnection.Scientists study the Sun by dint of radio emissions and other electromagnetic emissions and this has an additional advantage in that it provides a better understanding other stars, and the important processes they puzzle to offer, such as nu clear fusion, which is a potential alternative energy source scientists have been trying to recreate on Earth for decades. The study of prominences and other pyrogenic events is important for providing an insight into the mechanics of the interior of the Sun, and similarly to assist us in the prediction of space weather, which can effect satellites, and the Earths atmosphere and magnetic field.A solar prominence is a large, bright, vaporized feature that is anchored to the surface of the Sun in the photosphere, and sum ups outwards into the Suns corona in a loop shape. solar prominences are do from plasma that is roughly 100 propagation cooler and denser than the plasma in the corona and so, when viewed with the sun as a backdrop, they appear menacing, and are referred to as filaments. They can last for several months, and are held in federal agency preceding(prenominal) the Suns surface by strong magnetic field. The exact composition of prominences is currently unknown, b ut it has been proposed that they are made up of roughly 10% helium and 90% hydrogen. Solar prominences, like other erupting projectiles, are useful to ascertain as they are good indicators of the magnetic field pattern of the sun, since they hypocrisy higher up the magnetic neutral lines. in that respect are deuce prefatory types of prominences quiescent and active-region prominences. Quiescent prominences are typically larger than active-region prominences, and also extend further into the corona, often reaching up to and over 30 000 kilometres above the Suns corona (T. E. Berger, 2012). In addition, quiescent prominences have a magnetic field of roughly 0.5-1mT, allowing them to extend further from the surface of the Sun than active-region prominences, which are much smaller, have much larger magnetic fields of around 2 20mT, and mostly do not travel over 30 000km. This project will largely be focusing on Quiescent prominences, as, extending further away from the Sun, they a re easier to study using radio waves.Prominences are always projected from filament channels, which are along house inversion lines where the magnetic field is extremely non-potential (J. Chaf, 2005). These channels are the source of all major solar eruptions, such as coronal piling ejections and flares. The temperature of a prominence that hasnt erupted, is typically , and these often appear as a long horizontal sheet of plasma.Several different sit downs have been proposed in night club to explain how cool, dense objects like prominences can be underpined and thermally isolated from the surrounding hot coronal plasma. It is in general accepted that these models can generally be placed into one of two important categories dip models, and flux circle models (for example D. H. Mackay, 2010, D. J. Schmit, 2013, P. F. Chen 2008). The main similarity between dip models and flux rope models is the suggested existence of concave-upward direct magnetic fields to support the promin ence plasma against the downward gravitational force. Following this mechanism, it can be assumed that the plasma in a prominence is frozen to the magnetic field lines. Prominence plasma, however, is actually but partially ionised, and so it is not entirely clear how the non-ionized portion of plasma is supported, and how rapidly the neutral material might drain across the magnetic field lines.Scientists are still researching how and why prominences are formed, and the cause for their reactivation. The models proposing how prominences are supported are vital in understanding their formation and reactivation.2 Radio Emissions with ProminencesMeasurable coherent radio emissions occur during flares, and are intermittent and in bursts, driven by the magnetic reconnection process, giving them the term radio burst. Previous experiments (J. P. Raulin 2005, J. P. wild 1956, R. F. Wilson 1989, G. Swarup 1959) in measuring radio emissions produced from prominences have make up that Type I b ursts are predominantly emitted, Type I cosmos characterised by their long lifespan lasting from hours to days, having a oftenness of 80-200mHz with jibe wavelengths of roughly 2m, and being produced by electrons with a charge of several keV deep down coronal loops. Moving Type IV radio bursts are also associated with prominence eruptions, these last from half an hour to 2 hours, with a frequency of 20-400MHz, and a corresponding wavelength range of 1 to several meters.As mentioned in the introduction, scientists can use radio waves to gain an insight into how plasmas behave during the prominence eruption process. This can be done through magnetohydro kinetics (MHD), which is the study of the dynamics of electrically conducting fluids. Scientists have previously used MHD equations in probes to understand the formation and reactivation of prominences (J. A. Linker 2001, D.J. Schmit2013, G. P. Zhou2006, A. K. Srivastava 2013).An investigation using SDO/AIA (T. E. Berger 2012) on the formation of prominences produced a serial of foresees that showed the reactivation of a prominence. The sequence showed that after a prominence has completed its pyrogenic cycle, it slowly disappears due to drainage and the lateral transport of plasma, and a bright emission cloud forms in the upper regions of the coronal cavity. The cloud descends towards the commence region of the cavity while successively becoming brighter, and a upstart prominence then forms, rapidly growing in both the just and horizontal dimensions. The new prominence is the reactivated old prominence. The coronal cavity centre in the image then grows darker as the reactivated prominence continues to grow. The reactivated prominence reaches its maximum size after a number of hours, and the emission cloud in the cavity reduces correspondingly. Using the duration sequence of images from this T. E. Bergers paper, an idea of what to search for in data to find reactivated prominences can be formed.Work has been performed (by C. Chifor 2006 D. H. Mackay 2010, D. J. Schmit, 2013) which also investigates how prominences are formed, concluding that reconnection events part different phases in prominence eruption. The flux rope model discussed earlier has been found to be a good model in several investigations (S. E. Gibson 2006, P. F. Chen 2008, G. P. Zhou, 2006). Helical field lines provide a support for the mass of the prominence, and are capable of storing the magnetic energy need to propel the prominence. A coronal flux rope can be interpreted as a magnetic structure which consists of field lines that intricately twist around each other a number of times between the two ends that are anchored to the photosphere. Studies mentioned earlier involving MHD have been found to support the flux rope model, making the model a good investigation point for the project.Further research has been carried out into the cause of reactivated prominences (R. F. Wilson 1989), producing evidence tha t suggests that as the initial prominence dissipates, a feed-back mechanism occurs, during which interactions of the large scale loops trigger burst activity in lower lying loops.3 InstrumentsThere are two main types of instruments that can be used to observe objects in the radio wave portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, the type selected for use depending on the strength of the signal and the amount of detail needed. The first type of instrument comprises radio telescopes, which are a form of directional radio antenna. As the range of frequencies in the radio wave portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is very large, there are a variety of different antennae that are used in radio telescopes, differing in their size, design and configuration. When measuring wavelengths of 30-3 meters, the radio telescopes use either directional antenna arrays, or large nonmoving reflectors with moveable focal points. At shorter wavelengths dish style radio telescopes are more largely used.The second type of instrument comprises radio interferometers, which are made up of arrays of telescopes or mirror segments. The main benefit of using a radio interferometer is that the angular resolution is similar to that of a radio telescope with a large aperture, however, radio interferometers do not sop up as many photons as radio telescopes, and they cannot detect objects that are too weak. However, an array of telescopes will provide very good resolution as a result of aperture synthesis. Aperture synthesis is an imaging process that mixes signals from the array of telescopes to produce images with an angular resolution equivalent to that of a single instrument with a diameter equal to the overall size of the array of telescopes. This makes it easy to stimulate high resolution images of the Sun.SDO/AIA EUVSeveral different types of data that can be used to review the radio emissions of the Sun in order to make pure information on prominences have been researched. The first is SDO/AIA EUV data SDO being the Solar Dynamics observation tower, which is a NASA mission that has been observing the Sun since 2010. The goal of the SDO is to understand the influence of the sun on the Earth and close space by studying the solar atmosphere over time and space in many wavelengths at the same time. Currently, investigations are focused on how the Suns magnetic field is generated and structured, and how the stored magnetic energy is converted and released into the heliosphere and geospace in the form of solar wind, energetic particles, and variations in solar radiance, which is the measure of the power per unit arena on the Earths surface.The SDO uses the Atmosphere Imaging Assembley (AIA), an instrument which provides continual full-observations of the solar chromosphere and corona in seven extreme ultraviolet channels. The AIA is comprised of tetrad telescopes providing individual light feeds to the instrument. The Extreme Ultraviolet Experiment (EUV) is the ins trument that measures the Suns extreme ultraviolet irradiance, and incorporates physics based models in order to further understand the relationship between EUV variations and magnetic variation changes in the Sun (N. Labrosse, 2011).Fig 1. This image is an example of SDO/AIA data, taken from (T. E. Berger 2012) from a time sequence which investigates the radio emissions from the Sun leading up to the reactivation of a prominence event.Using the data produced by the two, an image can be created of the Sun that combines physical processes such as prominences, with information on the magnetic field at the time. An example is shown in Fig 1 above, which shows a reactivated prominence eruption and its corresponding radio emission in the form of a cross-sectional image of the surface of the Sun. Data collected from the AIA has been made state-supported through online databases, providing a ready set of images and films that can be analysed in order to observe prominences and their react ivation for this project.NoRHThe second type of data that will be focused on in order to infer radio emissions from the Sun is Nobeyama Radioheliograph data. The Nobeyama Radioheliograph is an array of 84 antennas dedicated for solar observation at the Nobeyama Radio Observatory, located in the Japanese Alps, and was constructed with the purpose of observing the Sun, using non-thermal emissions in particular.The Nobeyama Radioheliograph is a radio interferometer, and the original data comprises sets of correlation values of all the combination of antennas. The antennas correspond to the spatial Fourier components of the brightness distribution of the solar disk. The Nobeyama Radioheliograph is specially useful in studying prominences (M. Shimojo, 2005), as due to its large periodic observation window, combined with the low time resolution of 1 second, and a spatial resolution of roughly 13, it can produce highly dynamic images.Even though the NoRH is ground based, the consequences of the surrounding weather conditions are minimal compared to that of other ground based observations, and observations can take place even in turbulent unclear weather. NoRH has also developed an willing maculation method, the most important factor in using the instrument to detect prominences, as data will be recorded mechanically when there is an eruptive projectile. However, due to the limited time resolution and the field of view, NoRH cannot detect vary fast or very slow eruptive events, simultaneous events, and events where the structure has a weak brightness.Fig 2 This is an image taken by the NoRH (M. Shimojo) which is an example of a prominence eruption, recorded by the automatic limb detection method. The panels are negative images, so the dark region indicates the high temperature.NoRH uses the radio interferometer to create images of the Sun such as in Fig 2, which is an example of use of the automatic limb detection method to record images of prominence eruption. D ata recorded from the NoRH automatic limb detector has also been made public through online databases, giving a further set of images that can be analysed in order to extend information on prominences and their reactivation.4 ConclusionThe topics covered in the papers that were researched lead to an adequate proposal of how to investigate the reactivation of prominences. Using NoRH and AIA data from SDO, the radio bursts emitted during the collapse and reformation of a prominence, an idea of what causes the reformation can be found. The investigation will centre on the different models, primarily the magnetic flux rope model, and the magnetohydrodynamics behind them that have been proposed for the formation of prominences, and how these models could support the feed-back theory.5 ReferencesJ. P. Wild, H. Zirin. On the standoff of Solar Radio Emission and Solar Prominences (1956) 320, 322, 323G. Swarup, P. H. Stone, A. Maxwell. The Association of Solar Radio Bursts With Flares and Prominences. Radio Astronomy Station of Harvard College Observatory (1959) 725,726R. F. Wilson, K. R. Lang. instinctive Microwave Burst amd Solar Noise Storm Emission indomitable with the VLA. Department of Physics and Astronomy (1989) 856, 864, 866J. A. Linker, R. Lionello, Z. Mikic. Magnetohydrodynamic Modeling of Prominence Formation with a Helmet Streamer. Science Applications International, California (2001)A. O. Benz, H. Perret, P. Saint-Hilaire, P. Zlobec. Extended Decimeter Radio Emission afterward Large Solar Flares. Institute of Astronomy, Switzerland (2005) 954, 955J. Chaf, Y. Moon, Y. Park. The Magnetic Structure of Filament Barbs. (2005) 574-578J. P. Raulin, A. A. Pacini. Solar Radio Emissions. Universidade Presbiteria Mackenzie (2005) 741-745M. Shimoji, T. Yokoyama, A.Asai, H. Nakajima, K. Shibasaki. One Solar-Cycle Observations of Prominence Activities Using the Nobeyama Radioheliograph 1992-2004. University of Tokyo, School of Science (2005) 85, 86S. E. Gibson, Y. Fan. Coronal Prominence Structure and Dynamics A Magnetic blend in Rope Interpretation (2006) 1-5G. P. Zhou, J. X. Wang, J. Zhang. Two Successive Coronal Mass Ejections Drivin by the Kink and Drainage Instabilities of an Eruptive Prominence (2006) 1244C. Chifor, H. E. Mason, D. Tripathi, H. Isobe, A. Asai. The Early Phases of a Solar Prominence Eruption and Associated Flare a Multi-Wavelength Analysis. Department of Applied mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences (2006) 966-968P. F. Chen, D. E. Innes, S. K. Solanki, SOHO/SUMER Observations of Prominence Oscillations Before Eruption. Department of Astronomy, Nanjing University (2008) 4,5M. Pick, N. Vilmer. sixty-five years of Solar Radioastronomy Flares, Coronal Mass Ejections and Sun-Earth Connection. Astron Astrophys Rev (2008) 6,7D.H. Mackay, J.T. Karpen, J.L. Ballester, B. Schmieder, G. Aulanier. Physics of Solar Prominences II Magnetic Structure and Dynamics. Springer Science and Business Media ( 2010) 335-338N. Labrosse, K. McGlinchey. blood plasma Diagnostics in Eruptive Prominences from SDO/AIA Observations at 304 A. University of Glasgow (2011) 2-4T. E. Berger, W. Liu, B. C. Low, SDO/AIA Detection of Solar Prominence Formation Within a Coronal Cavity. National Solar Observatory (2012) 1-4D. J. Schmit, S. Gibson, M. Luna, J. Karpen, D. Innes. Prominence Mass Supply and the Cavity. Max Planck Institute for Solar organisation Research (2013) 1-5A. K. Srivastava, B. N. Dwivedi, M. Kumar. Observations of Intensity Oscillaations in a Prominence-Like Cool Loop organization as Observed by SDO/AIA Evidence of Multiple Harmonics of Fast Magnetoacousic Waves (2013) 31